Table 3.
Study characteristics (empirical findings of the studies).
Author | Description | Psychological Outcome | Psychological Outcome | Walking | Control | Pre walking | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Total | Mean | SD | Total | Mean | SD | Total | ||||
Janeczko et al. [13] | Green suburbs | Depression | POMS | 0.47 | 0.6 | 22 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 23 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 22 |
Coniferous forest | Depression | POMS | 0.55 | 1.03 | 17 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 17 | ||||
Deciduous forest | Depression | POMS | 0.32 | 0.31 | 13 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 13 | ||||
Green suburbs | Anxiety | POMS | 0.58 | 0.51 | 22 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 23 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 22 | |
Coniferous forest | Anxiety | POMS | 0.44 | 0.59 | 17 | 0.94 | 0.67 | 17 | ||||
Deciduous forest | Anxiety | POMS | 0.37 | 0.29 | 13 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 13 | ||||
Song et al. [11] | Experimental and control groups | Depression | POMS | 40.6 | 4 | 585 | 41.7 | 5.4 | 585 | - | - | - |
Experimental and control groups | Anxiety | POMS | 36.1 | 5.4 | 585 | 41.3 | 7.7 | 585 | - | - | - | |
Korpela et al. [9] | After 8 weeks, | Depression | BDI | 23.5 | 13.4 | 13 | - | - | - | 29.2 | 14 | 13 |
3-month follow-up | Depression | BDI | 20.3 | 13.6 | 13 | - | - | - | ||||
Marselle et al. [10] | Group walk in nature | Depression | A 10-item major depressive inventory | −0.08 | 0.02 | 1506 | - | - | - | 0.48 | 0.02 | 1506 |
Iwata et al. [21] | Pre-walk and post-walk | Depression | BDI | 14.93 | - | 15 | - | - | - | 22.86 | - | 15 |
Gotink et al. [14] | Pre-walk and postwalk (time 1) | Depression | DASS-21 | 6.1 | 3.81 | 29 | - | - | - | 6.7 | 3.81 | 29 |
Pre-walk and post-walk (time 2) | Depression | DASS-21 | 5.7 | 3.81 | 29 | - | - | - | ||||
Pre-walk and post-walk (time 3) | Depression | DASS-21 | 3.9 | 3.81 | 29 | - | - | - | ||||
Pre-walk and post-walk (time 1) | Anxiety | DASS-21 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 29 | - | - | - | 5.1 | 2.50 | 29 | |
Pre-walk and post-walk (time 2) | Anxiety | DASS-21 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 29 | - | - | - | ||||
Pre-walk and post-walk (time 3) | Anxiety | DASS-21 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 29 | - | - | - | ||||
Shin et al. [12] | Pre-walk and post-walk | Anxiety | STAI | 34.6 | 8.1 | 34 | - | - | - | 36.3 | 9.3 | 34 |