. 2022 Feb 2;63(3):100175. doi: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100175

Table 2.

Production and composition of carotenoids and sterols in strains CBS 6938, CBS.Δdap1, and CBSTr

Metabolites	Strains
Metabolites	CBS 6938	CBS.Δdap1	CBSTr
Sterols (mg/g)
Ergosterol	2.5 ± 0.01^a	0.1 ± 0.03^b	2.1 ± 0.05^c
Peak 1_(12min)	ND	0.5 ± 0.02^a	0.3 ± 0.02^b
Peak 2_(17.2min)	ND	1.4 ± 0.01^a	0.2 ± 0.03^b
Total sterols	2.5 ± 0.3^a	2.1 ± 0.3^a	2.6 ± 0.2^a
Carotenoids (μg/g)
Astaxanthin	574.0 ± 15.9^a	16.8 ± 2.9^b	ND
Astaxanthin intermediates	61.8 ± 6.4^a	124.8 ± 3.9^b	51.6 ± 2.1^a
β-carotene	19.2 ± 4.6^a	354.2 ± 4.8^b	675.5 ± 2.9^c
Other carotenoids	46.0 ± 14.2^a	115.1 ± 10.5^b	41.5 ± 6.6^a
Total carotenoids	701.1 ± 47.2^a	610.9 ± 59.4^a	768.5 ± 47.4^a

ND, not detected.

Total sterols and carotenoids were extracted after 120 h of culture and normalized to the yeast dry weight in grams. The table shows the mean ± standard deviation of three independent cultures of each strain. Peaks 1 and 2 correspond to metabolites with a sterol spectrum that were observed in chromatograms after approximately 12.0 and 17.2 min of retention time, respectively. Intermediary carotenoids from β-carotene to astaxanthin include phoenicoxanthin, hydroxyechinenone, and echinenone; other carotenoids include torulene, hydroxyketotorulene, and other unidentified carotenoids. Data were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test to compare metabolite production between strains. Superscripted letters indicate statistical comparisons: the use of the same letter denotes no statistically significant differences, and the use of different letters indicates a significant difference between strains with P < 0.01.