Table 5.
Data reported on humoral and cellular immunity generated by vaccines administered so far to the population worldwide.
| Vaccine | Maximum Antibodies | Type of Immunity Reported | Detection Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| RNm-1273 NIAID Moderna |
Antibodies have been reported six months after vaccination | CD4 + T H 1 cells (TNF-α> IL-2> IFN-γ), low expression of TH2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and detectable CD8 + T cell responses | ELISA |
| NT162b1 Pfizer/BioNTech |
Antibody rise 14 days after the booster dose | Concurrent production of neutralizing antibodies, activation of CD4 + T lymphocytes biased to TH1 with little response of TH2 (IL-4) and CD8+, virus-specific, and the solid release of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IFNγ. | Flow cytometry, IFNγ ELISpot and cytokine profile |
| CanSino | IgG antibodies at 28 days. Neutralizing antibodies at 8 weeks. |
CD4 + and CD8 + T cells produced IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, with a large proportion of both subsets of T cells being unique IFN-γ producers. Strong IgG1 and IgG2 responses. |
ELISA IgG NAb by virus-specific microneutralization |
| ChAdOx1 CoV-19/AZD1222 AstraZeneca |
T-cell response from day 7, peaking on day 14 and remaining detectable until day 56. The last analysis detected IgG being at its peak on day 28 and remaining until day 56. | CD4 T + predominantly secreted Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) rather than Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13). | Detection by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay before and after vaccination and flow cytometry. |
| VX-CoV237 (Novavax) | IgG anti-S: 31/32 days after one dose. Neutralizing antibodies: 21–28 days after the first dose. IgG anti-S: Titers increased 1 to 35-fold within ten days after second dose immunization. |
Induced CD4 + and CD8 + T cell response. Matrix-M adjuvant improves the development of Tfh cells and GC B. cells (Vaccine in phase III of clinical trials). |
ELISA |
| 26.COV2.S Janssen/Johnson & Johnson |
The first dose showed neutralizing antibodies on days 57 and 71. The second dose showed an increase in neutralizing antibody titers at day 57 | Central memory CD27 +/CD45RA−/CD4 + and CD8 + T cell response. Biased TH1 cellular immune response. | LISA, ELISPOT, and IFN-γ assays for cellular immune response. Intracellular cytokine staining for CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. |