Table 5.

Preparation techniques of cellulosic-based conductive hydrogel.

Hydrogel Features	Method of Crosslinking	Hydrogel Material	Conductivity (S/m)	(Potential) Application	Reference
Electro-active	Composite strategies	rBC/PPy and rBC/PPy/CNT	6.2 × 10−2	Cell proliferation	[75]
Conductive	Post-Polymerization	MCC/PPy	0.783	Electrochemical biosensors, electro-stimulated controlled drug release, and neural prosthetics	[73]
Conductive, self-healing, and strain- and thermal-sensitive performance	In situ polymerization	PAA-CMC-Al3+	162	Flexible and wearable temperature-sensing devices	[82]
Self-healing, shape memory, and biocompatible	Composite strategies	CNCs-ABA	3.8 × 10−2	Strain sensors	[97]
Ultra-stretchable, tough, anti-freezing, and conductive	Composite strategies via graft polymerization	HPMC-g-P (AN-co-AM)	1.54	Strain Sensor	[76]
Transparent, anti-freezing, and ionic conductive	Chemical crosslinking	CCHs	2.37	Sensor	[89]
Thermally stable, crystalline, and electroactive	Composite strategies	Polyvinyl alcohol cellulose (PC)		Actuator	[74]
Anisotropic and conductive, with high water content	Composite strategies	BC-PEDOT/ PSS		Scaffolds, implantable biosensors, and smart soft electronic devices	[92]
Tough, stretchable, self-adhesive, self-healing, and strain-sensitive	In situ polymerization	TA@CNCs	Conductivity is proved by light emitting diode	Wearable electronic sensors and healthcare monitoring	[100]
Electroactive and ultrafast for electro-mechanical response	Post-polymerization	Cellulose-based all-hydrogel artificial muscles membrane.	0.83–2.49	Transportation of nerve impulses from human muscle	[79]