Table 3.

The association between each information source and preventive behavior for COVID-19 (n = 18,151).

Absolute Difference in % [95%CI] †	Wearing a Mask		Ventilation		Social Distancing		Avoiding Crowds
	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 §	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 §	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 §	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 §
Time (2020→2021)	1.8 [−0.6, 4.2]	1.8 [−0.6, 4.2]	−9.3 [−11.2, −7.5] ***	−9.3 [−11.2, −7.5] ***	3.0 [1.2, 4.8] **	3.0 [1.2, 4.8] **	−1.2 [−3.7, 1.2]	−1.2 [−3.7, 1.2]
People/institution
Family	5.3 [2.5, 8.1] ***	1.9 [−1.4, 4.2]	6.0 [3.0, 9.1] ***	2.4 [−1.8, 6.6]	1.5 [−1.5, 4.4]	1.4 [−2.9, 5.6]	8.1 [5.3, 10.9] ***	6.7 [2.7, 10.7] **
Friends	5.4 [2.9, 7.9] ***	1.8 [−0.5, 4.1]	6.4 [3.1, 9.6] ***	2.1 [−2.1, 6.3]	−0.7 [−3.6, 2.2]	−3.7 [−7.7, 0.2]	4.2 [1.3, 7.0] **	−0.9 [−4.6, 2.8]
Workplace/School	6.7 [3.8, 9.6] ***	4.4 [1.7, 7.2] **	4.9 [2.0, 7.8] **	0.2 [−3.1, 3.4]	0.3 [−2.4, 2.9]	−1.7 [−4.8, 1.3]	3.7 [0.8, 6.6] *	−0.5 [−3.7, 2.7]
Medical workers	2.0 [−1.6, 5.6]	−1.0 [−3.5, 1.4]	9.6 [4.7, 14.5] ***	5.9 [1.2, 10.6] *	11.2 [7.1, 15.4] ***	10.8 [6.3, 15.2] ***	6.5 [2.2, 10.7] **	3.7 [−0.5, 7.8]
Celebrities	2.1 [−1.4, 5.7]	−2.7 [−6.2, 0.8]	7.0 [3.2, 10.9] ***	0.8 [−3.8, 5.3]	1.9 [−1.2, 5.1]	−2.2 [−6.4, 2.0]	1.6 [−1.8, 5.0]	−4.7 [−9.0, −0.3] **
Professionals	6.6 [4.6, 8.6] ***	5.7 [2.1, 9.3] **	8.6 [4.8, 12.4] ***	5.0 [0.1, 10.0] *	4.8 [1.2, 8.4] **	3.0 [−1.7, 7.7]	6.8 [3.3, 10.2] ***	4.7 [−0.1, 9.4]
Government	5.5 [2.4, 8.7] **	3.9 [1.3, 6.5] **	5.3 [2.0, 8.6] **	1.0 [−2.6, 4.5]	5.1 [1.9, 8.3] **	2.9 [−0.4, 6.3]	8.9 [5.4, 12.4] ***	6.7 [3.4, 9.9] ***
Academic institution	−1.3 [−7.8, 5.2]	−5.5 [−11.0, 0.0]	9.4 [1.9, 16.9] *	4.2 [−3.3, 11.7]	7.8 [0.2, 15.4] *	3.8 [−4.3, 11.8]	4.8 [−1.0, 10.6]	−0.3 [−6.1, 5.5]
Media
Video sharing site	4.1 [1.8, 6.4] **	2.4 [−0.6, 4.2]	6.3 [2.3, 10.3] **	2.9 [−0.7, 6.6]	5.4 [1.6, 9.2] **	4.5 [0.7, 8.3] *	4.4 [0.4, 8.3] *	2.4 [−1.4, 6.2]
LINE	3.7 [0.7, 6.8] *	1.6 [−0.7, 4.0]	4.4 [0.6, 8.1] *	0.9 [−2.3, 4.2]	2.2 [−0.9, 5.2]	−0.2 [−2.9, 2.6]	1.9 [−1.6, 5.5]	−1.4 [−4.6, 1.8]
Twitter	4.1 [−0.6, 8.7]	3.8 [0.6, 7.0] *	7.6 [3.5, 11.6] ***	4.7 [1.0, 8.3] *	6.3 [2.8, 9.9] ***	6.4 [3.0, 9.8] ***	3.5 [−0.9, 7.9]	1.3 [−3.9, 6.5]
Facebook	−2.6 [−9.0, 3.7]	0.9 [−6.4, 8.3]	2.1 [−5.3, 9.5]	−3.3 [−10.8, 4.1]	−1.6 [−6.7, 3.5]	−6.8 [−12.2, −1.3] *	0.4 [−6.7, 7.6]	−0.3 [−8.3, 7.6]
Instagram	−10.9 [−19.7, −2.0] *	−18.9 [−28.8, −8.9] ***	2.6 [−3.0, 8.1]	−3.8 [−11.2, 3.6]	−0.5 [−5.9, 4.8]	−5.4 [−12.1, 1.3]	−0.6 [−8.6, 7.5]	−5.0 [−14.9, 4.8]
News website	11.7 [8.5, 14.8] ***	7.3 [5.1, 9.5] ***	7.2 [3.2, 11.1] ***	5.5 [1.5, 9.5] *	−0.1 [−3.3, 3.2]	−2.5 [−6.2, 1.2]	8.3 [5.0, 11.6] ***	5.5 [2.1, 8.8] **
Newspaper	6.3 [3.5, 9.1] ***	3.1 [0.9, 5.3] *	0.7 [−2.2, 3.7]	−2.8 [−5.9, −0.3] *	2.6 [−0.7, 5.9]	0.6 [−2.8, 3.9]	3.3 [−0.4, 7.0]	0.2 [−3.2, 3.6]
Magazines	0.7 [−4.3, 5.7]	−4.5 [−10.6, 1.6]	9.0 [2.1, 15.8] *	5.5 [−2.7, 13.6]	9.1 [3.6, 14.7] **	6.4 [0.1, 12.6] *	5.3 [0.1, 10.4] *	2.4 [−4.4, 9.1]
Books	1.7 [−2.1, 5.6]	4.5 [−2.4, 11.4]	8.0 [−1.2, 17.2]	1.3 [−9.0, 11.6]	9.7 [2.1, 17.4] *	5.6 [−2.2, 13.5]	3.8 [−3.9, 11.5]	0.8 [−7.9, 9.4]
TV news	17.9 [13.6, 22.3] ***	12.3 [8.2, 16.3] ***	3.3 [−0.4, 7.0]	−0.5 [−5.2, 4.2]	2.1 [−0.9, 5.1]	1.7 [−2.8, 6.1]	10.4 [6.2, 14.5] ***	5.6 [0.4, 10.7] *
TV tabloid show	9.1 [5.9, 12.4] ***	2.3 [−0.4, 5.0]	2.8 [−0.9, 6.4]	−0.3 [−4.8, 4.2]	1.3 [−2.6, 5.1]	−0.6 [−5.6, 4.3]	6.7 [3.0, 10.3] ***	2.4 [−1.9, 6.7]
Radio	3.7 [1.4, 5.9] **	1.0 [−1.4, 3.3]	9.3 [5.0, 13.6] ***	7.8 [3.7, 11.8] ***	4.3 [0.0, 8.7]	2.0 [−2.3, 6.4]	4.7 [1.0, 8.5] *	2.5 [−0.6, 5.7]

^† The estimates were adjusted for age, gender, income, educational attainment, family structure, and health literacy. ^‡ Model 1: Each predictor included separately in the model. ^§ Model 2: All predictors of people-, institution-, or media-based information sources included simultaneously with time in the model. Note: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.