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. 2022 Mar 20;10(3):664. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10030664

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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α-diversity and β-diversity of gut microbiota for five PAM-identified communities. α-diversity assessed by Chao 1 index (ASV richness estimation) (a) and Shannon index (ASV evenness estimation) (b). Statistical differences in α-diversity indices among the groups were evaluated using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is indicated by different letters. β-diversity represented by principal coordinate analysis plots based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Axis 1 and axis 2 (c) and axis 3 and axis 4 (d). Ellipses enclosing the clusters indicate an 80% confidence interval. Statistically significant differences in β-diversity among the groups were confirmed using PERMANOVA (p = 0.001).