Table 3.
Global Comparisons of blood elements concentrations among pregnant women or delivering women (µg/L).
| Location and References | Sampling Years | N | As | Cd | Hg | Pb | Cu | Mn | Se | Zn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin America and Caribbean | Ushuaia, Argentina a
Present study |
2011–2012 | 198 | 0.63 | 0.22 (smoker) (0.33) 0.17 (non-smoker) (0.18) |
0.35 (0.34) |
10.08 (9.81) |
1688 (1781) |
17.83 (18.11) |
80.06 (80.56) |
7633 (7815) |
| Salta city, Argentina a
Present study |
2011–2012 | 498 | 0.55 | 0.21 (smoker) (0.21) 0.18 (non-smoker) (0.18) |
0.62 (0.60) |
15.83 (14.96) |
1782 (1766) |
22.98 (22.60) |
129.25 (128.83) |
6682 (6720) |
|
| San Antonio de los Cobres, Argentina b [18] | 2012–2013 | 169 | 2.2 | 0.16 | - | 21 | - | - | 86 | 6100 | |
| French Guiana a [25] | 2013 | 531 | - | - | - | 32.6 | - | - | - | - | |
| Colombia b [26] | 2009–2010 | 381 | - | 0.01 | - | 9.5 | - | - | - | - | |
| Bolivia a [27] | 2007–2008 | 419 | 6.14 | - | - | 26.53 | - | - | - | - | |
| Peru a [28] | 2004–2005 | 204 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 113.7 | - | |
| Suriname b [29] | 2016 | 76 | - | - | 3.88 | 47.3 | - | - | - | - | |
| Brazil b [30] | 2007–2008 | 155 | 0.6 | 0.09 | 0.6 | 16.2 | 1735 | 16.7 | 64 | 6420 | |
| Mexico a [31] | 2007–2008 | 299 | - | - | - | 23.8 | - | - | - | - | |
| Costa Rica a [32] | 2010–2011 | 418 | - | - | - | - | - | 23.5 | - | - | |
| Puerto Rico a [33] | 2011–2017 | 1183 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1552 | 11.3 | - | 4682 | |
| North America | USA a [34] | 2009–2011 | 211 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 8.9 | - | - | - | |
| Canada b [35] | 2008–2011 | 1673 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 5.60 | - | 12.64 | - | - | ||
| Europe | Spain b [36] | 2016–2017 | 40 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 12 | 1664 | 16 | 107 | 6708 |
| Norway a [37] | 2007–2009 | 211 | 1.8 | 0.23 (smoker) 0.17 (non-smoker) |
1.0 | 9.2 | 1780 | 15.8 | 72 | 5480 | |
| Africa | South Africa b [38] | 2005–2006 | 62 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 23 | 1730 | 16.8 | 104 | 6290 |
| Benin a [39] | 2015 | 60 | 0.35 | - | 38.0 | 1544 | 16.1 | 5215 | |||
| Asia–Pacific | Japan b [40] | 2001–2006 | 649 | 4.06 | 1.18 | - | 10.83 | 1289.2 | 176.4 | 4769 | |
| China b [41] | 2010 | 215 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.26 | 24.48 | - | - | - | - | |
| Australia b [42] | 2008–2011 | 173 | 1.26 | - | - | - | 1252 | 6.45 | 88.2 | 2330 |
The brackets present the median concentration of elements in the present study. a Values expressed as geometric mean in the study. b Values expressed as median in the study. Abbreviations: As, arsenic; Cd, cadmium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese; Pb, lead; Se, selenium; and Zn, zinc.