Table 2.

Reported clinical trials assessing the effects of gut microbiota modulation in multiple sclerosis.

Trial ID	Design	Intervention	Outcome Variables	Status
NCT03183869	Prospective interventional randomized crossover Assignment	FMT	25 cytokines levels in blood	Dropped
NCT03594487	Prospective interventional non-randomized parallel assignment	FMT	Engraftment, safety, Ig levels, B cell counts, MRI new T2 lesion incidence	Ongoing
NCT04150549	Prospective interventional randomized parallel assignment	FMT	Changes in T2 Lesions-MRI	Ongoing
NCT04574024	Prospective interventional randomized parallel assignment	High-fiber supplementation	Composition of gut microbiota, production of SCFAs and Tregs	Ongoing
NCT04038541	Prospective interventional randomized crossover assignment	Prebiotic vs. probiotic	Changes in gene expression in PBMCs, Nfl concentration, gut microbiota in stool samples	Ongoing
NCT01413243	Prospective interventional randomized parallel assignment	Trichuris suis ova probiotic	Incidence of new T2 lesion-MRI	Terminated
NCT04599595	Observational prospective	Transanal irrigation	Incidence and prevalence of intestinal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis	Terminated

FMT: fecal microbiota transfer, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, Ig: immunoglobins, Nfl: neurofilament light chain.