Table 5.
Methodological Quality of Included Studies.
| Joanna Briggs Institute Checklists | Wong et al., 2011 | Zewdneh et al., 2011 | Woldeyohanes et al., 2015 | Al-Amin and Makarem, 2016 | Zin et al., 2016 | Hu et al., 2016 | Ke et al., 2018 | Effendi et al., 2019 | Ali and Koorosh, 2019 | Chae et al., 2021 | Chia and Ekladious, 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional studies | |||||||||||
| Are the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Was the exposure measured validly and reliably? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Were the outcomes measured validly and reliably? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Experimental Studies | |||||||||||
| Are ‘cause’ and ‘effect’ clear in the study (i.e., there is no confusion about which variable comes first)? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the participants included in any similar comparisons? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care other than with regard to the exposure or intervention of interest? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was there a control group? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were there multiple measurements of the outcome, both before and after the intervention/exposure? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was follow-up complete, and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow-up adequately described and analyzed? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were outcomes measured reliably? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Cohort Study | |||||||||||
| Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people to both exposed and unexposed groups? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was the exposure measured validly and reliably? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the groups/participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment of exposure)? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were the outcomes measured validly and reliably? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was the follow-up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was follow-up complete, and if not, were the reasons for follow-up loss described and explored? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Were strategies to address incomplete follow-up utilized? | 1 | ||||||||||
| Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 |