Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Country | Study Design | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. | 51 | Cross-sectional | 30 |
| U.K. | 9 | Unspecified * | 7 |
| France | 9 | Longitudinal | 4 |
| Canada | 6 | Mixed methods | 4 |
| Spain | 5 | Pilot | 4 |
| Italy | 4 | Case study | 4 |
| Germany | 4 | Qualitative | 3 |
| Denmark | 2 | Report | 3 |
| Belgium | 2 | Case report | 2 |
| Multiple | 2 | Case series | 2 |
| Slovakia | 1 | Retrospective | 2 |
| Ireland | 1 | Cross-sectional seroprevalence | 2 |
| Primary Population of Interest | Analytical observational | 1 | |
| PEH | 74 | Community-based participatory research | 1 |
| General patient populations | 6 | Cross-sectional community-based | 1 |
| People living with HIV | 5 | Cross-sectional community-based surveillance | 1 |
| Multiple vulnerable groups | 3 | Cross-sectional multicentre cohort | 1 |
| COVID-19 patients | 3 | Cross-sectional retrospective chart review | 1 |
| Persons using drugs | 2 | Descriptive | 1 |
| U.S. Veterans | 1 | Disease prevention protocol | 1 |
| African Americans in Southern U.S. | 1 | Interrupted time series | 1 |
| Criminal justice-involved women | 1 | Longitudinal ecological | 1 |
| Publication Type | Matched-case control observational | 1 | |
| Journal article | 48 | Nationwide cross-sectional seroprevalence | 1 |
| Brief report | 8 | Nonconcurrent cohort | 1 |
| Research letter | 6 | Nonrandomised observational pre/post | 1 |
| Short communication | 4 | Nonrandomised pre/post | 1 |
| Case study | 4 | Observational retrospective | 1 |
| Preprint | 4 | Point prevalence | 1 |
| Report | 4 | Population-based prospective | 1 |
| Letter to the editor | 3 | Population-based retrospective e-cohort | 1 |
| Research note | 2 | Pragmatic randomised controlled trial | 1 |
| Weekly report | 2 | Prospective | 1 |
| Notes from the field | 2 | Qualitative exploratory | 1 |
| Rapid communication | 1 | Quality improvement program | 1 |
| Practice full report | 1 | Rapid case study | 1 |
| Case report | 1 | Repeated cross-sectional | 1 |
| Brief research report | 1 | Retrospective chart audit | 1 |
| Concise communication | 1 | Retrospective cohort | 1 |
| Short report | 1 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 1 |
| Research brief | 1 | Retrospective serological | 1 |
| Review | 1 | ||
| Briefing report | 1 | ||
* Some studies did not specify the study design used. Supplementary Table S1 provides more information as to the methods used for data collection.