Table 1.

Acquired causes of OMD

Drugs & toxins

Neuroleptics-typical and atypical (Acute and Tardive)

Antidepressants[18] (Sertraline, Citalopram, Venlafaxine, Fluoxetine,

Paroxetine, Amoxapine)

Anticonvulsants (Phenytoin, Sodium Valproate, Carbamazepine,

Lamotrigine)

Anti-emetics (Metoclopramide, Sulpiride, Domperidone, Cisapride)

Antibiotics (Cefixime,[19] Levofloxacin[20])

Cetirizine,[21] Betahistine,[22] Promethazine,[23] Prochlorperazine,

Dextromethorphan[24]

Anaesthetic agents (Propofol, Sevoflurane, Fentanyl, Nitrous oxide[25])

Capecitabine[26]

L-dopa, Methylphenidate,[27] Lithium

Alcohol, manganese, mercury, Carbon monoxide poisoning, glue sniffing

Metabolic/Endocrine

Kernicterus[28]

Hypoparathyroidism

Extrapontine myelinolysis[29]

Uremia,[30] acquired hepatocerebral degeneration[31]

Cerebral Palsy/Post hypoxic encephalopathy[32]

Autoimmune/paraneoplastic

SLE, APLA syndrome, Sjogren syndrome, Behcet syndrome,[33]

Coeliac disease

Anti- NMDA, LGI-1, CASPR2 encephalitis

anti-Hu, anti-Ri,[34] anti- Yo, IgLON5

Satoyoshi syndrome[35]

Infections

HIV encephalitis,[36] CNS toxoplasmosis

Tuberculosis[37]

SSPE,[38] variant CJD

Mycoplasma,[39] West Nile Virus, Varicella Zoster,[40] Mumps, Japanese

Encephalitis[41]

Structural

Vascular (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke) – Basal

ganglia/cerebellum/thalamus[42]

Brainstem neoplasm

Brainstem demyelination

Others

Traumatic brain injury

Radiation therapy[43]

Facial trauma

Functional

APLA: Antiphospholipid antibody, CASPR2: Contactin-associated protein-like 2, CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus, IgLON5: immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule 5, LGI1: Leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1, NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate, SSPE: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus