Table 1.
Occurrence of maize seed-borne fungi using the standard blotter (SMB), deep-freezing blotter (DFB), and agar plate (AP) methods.
| Fungus | SMB | DFB | AP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F % | I % | F % | I % | F % | I % | |
| Absidia hesseltinii | 10.00 | 0.12 ± 0.062 | 0 | 0 | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Alternaria alternata | 20.0 | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 8.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 15.00 | 0.220 ± 0.074 |
| Aspergillus albicans | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus clavatus | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus flavus | 85.0 | 39.02 ± 5.075 | 56.67 | 26.68 ± 4.13 | 95.0 | 32.61 ± 3.062 |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | 5.00 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 6.67 | 0.049 ± 0.034 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus glaucus | 35.0 | 1.61 ± 0.51 | 8.33 | 0.073 ± 0.041 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus nidulans | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus niger | 88.33 | 11.17 ± 1.30 | 53.33 | 3.73 ± 0.80 | 93.33 | 13.56 ± 1.65 |
| Aspergillus ochraceus | 16.67 | 0.17 ± 0.069 | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus tamarii | 13.33 | 0.22 ± 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspergillus terreus | 20.00 | 0.46 ± 0.23 | 8.33 | 0.073 ± 0.041 | 10.0 | 0.12 ± 0.062 |
| Aspergillus spp. | 11.67 | 0.22 ± 0.13 | 5.00 | 0.098 ± 0.058 | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Cephalosporium acremonium | 13.33 | 0.41 ± 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 2.44 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Cercospora sp. | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chaetomium globosum | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 0.073 ± 0.041 | 0 | 0 |
| Cladosporium spp. | 18.33 | 0.34 ± 0.049 | 10.0 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 5.00 | 0.049 ± 0.034 |
| Cunninghamella sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.00 | 0.49 ± 0.034 |
| Curvularia australiensis | 5.00 | 0.46 ± 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 5.00 | 0.56 ± 0.20 |
| Curvularia lunata | 8.33 | 0.15 ± 0.089 | 0 | 0 | 6.67 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Drechslera maydis | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.03 | 1.67 | 0.073 ± 0.04 | 3.33 | 0.049 ± 0.060 |
| Drechslera tetramera | 5.00 | 0.049 ± 0.034 | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 5.00 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Exserohilum rostratum | 3.33 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 3.33 | 0.56 ± 0.062 |
| Fusarium chlamydosporum | 15.00 | 0.15 ± 0.066 | 0 | 0 | 10.0 | 0.17 ± 0.085 |
| Fusarium incarnatum | 6.67 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fusarium proliferatum | 36.67 | 2.0 ± 0.61 | 11.67 | 0.049 ± 0.034 | 15.0 | 0.41 ± 0.20 |
| Fusarium verticilloides | 61.67 | 10.0 ± 2.84 | 25.0 | 0.27 ± 0.078 | 31.67 | 3.24 ± 1.49 |
| Geotrichium candidum | 3.33 | 0.049 ± 0.049 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Macrophomina phaseolina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.67 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Melanospora sp. | 0 | 0 | 1.67 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 0 | 0 |
| Neurospora sp. | 5.00 | 0.098 ± 0.077 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 0.56 ± 0.23 |
| Nigrospora oryzae | 23.33 | 1.44 ± 0.59 | 20.0 | 0.27 ± 0.092 | 53.33 | 3.68 ± 0.20 |
| Penicillium spp. | 41.67 | 1.66 ± 0.48 | 18.33 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 25.0 | 0.66 ± 0.23 |
| Rhizopus stolonifer | 33.33 | 0.98 ± 0.26 | 13.33 | 0.24 ± 0.083 | 46.67 | 2.12 ± 0.49 |
| Rhizopus oligosporum | 10.00 | 0.85 ± 0.23 | 6.67 | 0.89 ± 0.20 | 21.67 | 3.2 ± 0.6 |
| Sarocladium strictum | 8.33 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 5.00 | 0.024 ± 0.02 | 3.33 | 0.17 ± 0.20 |
| Sarocladium zeae | 5.00 | 1.60 ± 0.13 | 3.33 | 1.44 ± 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
| Stemphylium sp. | 6.67 | 0.073 ± 0.050 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trichothecium roseum | 6.67 | 0.049 ± 0.034 | 0 | 0 | 5.00 | 0.024 ± 0.024 |
| Tricoderma asperellum | 33.33 | 0.32 ± 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 16.67 | 0.24 ± 0.024 |
| Ulocldium sp. | 5.00 | 0.049 ± 0.034 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I % = incidence of a fungus; F % = frequency of the fungus.