Table 2.
Serum biochemistry and 24 h urinary profiles of each group.
| N | HL | HP | HL + HP | A | A + HL | A + HP | A + HL + HP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | ||||||||
| TG (mg/dL) | 101.5 ± 6.3 | 78.6 ± 9.8 a | 99.5 ± 2.7 | 87.3 ± 6.1 | 86.3 ± 13.8 | 86.7 ± 10.1 | 80.0 ± 12.1 c | 94.0 ± 28.0 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 63.3 ± 6.0 | 728.7 ± 104.9 a | 67.0 ± 2.9 | 361.0 ± 60.7 a | 68.0 ± 2.5 | 602.0 ± 84.0 a,b,c | 47.0 ± 1.6 c | 488.5 ± 66.8 a,b |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 21.8 ± 2.0 | 6.3 ± 2.2 a | 20.3 ± 1.7 | 10.7 ± 2.3 a | 22.8 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.8 a,b | 18.7 ± 0.7 | 8.3 ± 2.0 a,b |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 154.1 ± 28.9 a | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 56.5 ± 15.8 a | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 119.2 ± 21.2 a,b,c | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 90.8 ± 17.6 a,b,c |
| Atherogenic Index | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 144.5 ± 22.0 a | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 58.7 ± 23.1 a | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 193.4 ± 70.8 a,b | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 88.4 ± 23.3 a,b,c |
| Na (meq/L) | 141.5 ± 0.7 | 136.2 ± 1.7 | 138.7 ± 1.4 | 136.7 ± 2.2 | 140.3 ± 1.3 | 135.2 ± 2.2 | 137.7 ± 2.3 | 136.0 ± 2.4 |
| K (meq/L) | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.2 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 10.2 ± 0.2 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.2 |
| P (mg/dL) | 9.0 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.2 |
| Urine | ||||||||
| Na (mmol/24 h) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.5 |
| K (mmol/24 h) | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.4 a | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 0.5 a | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.3 a,b | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 a,b |
| Ca (mg/24 h) | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.26 | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.12 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.06 ± 0.01 a,b |
| P (mg/24 h) | 40.0 ± 12.8 | 46.3 ± 6.4 | 35.5 ± 6.0 | 47.6 ± 17.3 | 24.3 ± 4.6 a,c | 35.1 ± 5.7 | 17.6 ± 2.1 a,c | 30.0 ± 6.2 a,c |
| Mg (μmol/24 h) | 35.4 ± 9.4 | 15.9 ± 5.4 a | 71.1 ± 26.9 a | 14.9 ± 5.3 a | 80.1 ± 31.1 a,c | 8.3 ± 1.4 a,b,c | 60.1 ± 27.2 a,b | 10.6 ± 2.6 a,b |
| Protein (mg/24 h) | 25.0 ± 2.7 | 22.0 ± 8.3 | 12.8 ± 3.8 a | 22.7 ± 5.2 | 24.4 ± 7.4 | 11.4 ± 2.5 a,b,c | 7.3 ± 1.2 a,b,c | 11.7 ± 3.3 a,b,c |
| MDA (μmol/mg Cr) | 19.2 ± 2.0 | 26.6 ± 11.3 | 52.2 ± 2.0 a | 141.3 ± 15.1 a | 24.1 ± 6.3 | 29.2 ± 9.6 | 48.6 ± 4.7 a,b | 62.3 ± 21.0 a,b,c |
| Cit (mg/mg Cr) | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 2.0 a | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 2.0 ± 0.5 a | 3.7 ± 0.7 a,c | 5.8 ± 2.7 a,b | 4.7 ± 1.0 a,c | 5.8 ± 2.6 a,b,c |
| Ox (mg/24 h) | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 12.1 ± 1.6 a | 7.3 ± 1.7 a | 10.3 ± 2.0 a,c | 5.2 ± 1.2 b | 10.4 ± 1.2 a | 4.9 ± 0.8 b,c |
Abbreviations: N, normal; HL, hyperlipidemia; HP, hydroxyproline; A, atorvastatin; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; Cit, citrate; Ox, oxalate; atherogenic index = (total cholesterol–HDL cholesterol)/(HDL cholesterol). a p < 0.05 vs. n alone. b p < 0.05 vs. A alone. c p < 0.05, comparison between with and without A in each subgroup (e.g., N vs. A).