Table 1.

Summary of prion pathogenesis experiments.

Inoculation Site	Studies	Route of Invasion	Neural Pathways	Targets	Transport	Rate
Intraocular	Buyukmihci et al., 1983 Fraser & Dickinson, 1985 Kimberlin & Walker, 1986 Scott & Fraser, 1989 Scott et al., 1992	Retinal Ganglion Cells	Optic Nerve Optic tract	SC LGN Visual Cortex	Anterograde	Slow 1.0 mm/day
Intraperitoneal	Kimberlin & Walker, 1979 Kimberlin & Walker, 1980 Kimberlin & Walker, 1982 Kimberlin & Walker, 1986 Kimberlin & Walker, 1989b	Spleen	ANS: Splenic Sympathetic Nerves	Brainstem	Retrograde	Slow 0.5–1.0 mm/day
Oral/Intragastric	Kimberlin & Walker, 1989a Beekes et al., 1996 Beekes et al., 1998 McBride & Beekes, 1999 Beekes & McBride, 2000 McBride et al., 2001 van Keulen et al., 2000 Sigurdson et al., 2000 Fox et al., 2006	Peyer’s Patches	ENS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (Vagus) Nerves	DMNV Brainstem	Retrograde	Slow 0.8–2.0 mm/day
Intraneural	Kimberlin et al., 1983 Bartz et al., 2002 Kratzel et al., 2007 Ayers et al., 2009 Langenfeld et al., 2016	Sciatic Nerve	Sciatic Nerve Lumbar Spinal Nerves	Lumbar VMNs RN Motor Cortex LVN RF	Retrograde	Slow 1.0–4.0 mm/day
Intralingual	Bartz et al., 2003	Hypoglossal Nerve	Hypoglossal Nerve	Hypoglossal Nucleus	Retrograde	ND

Abbreviations: ANS, autonomic nervous system; DMNV, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; ENS, enteric nervous system; LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus; LVN, lateral vestibular nucleus; ND, not determined; RF, reticular formation; RN, red nucleus; SC, superior colliculus; VMNs, ventral motor neurons.