Table 3.
Comparison between the contamination levels (ng/g) of pistachios, walnuts, and dates with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AFT) obtained in the present study with those of similar studies conducted in North Punjab, Pakistan, and other countries around the world.
| Country (Region or City) | Pistachios | Walnuts | Dates | Reference | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 | AFT | AFB1 | AFT | AFB1 | AFT | ||||||||||||||
| Max | Mean | %P | Max | Mean | %P | Max | Mean | %P | Max | Mean | %P | Max | Mean | %P | Max | Mean | %P | ||
| Pakistan (South Pounjab) |
6.73 | 3.32 | 95 | 7.90 | 7.13 | 95 | 9.99 | 5.52 | 95 | 13.73 | 12.76 | 95 | 4.34 | 1.33 | 75 | 5.13 | 2.73 | 75 | This study |
| Pakistan (North Pujab) |
- | 5.80 | 50 | 20.70 | 7.10 | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.80 | 40 | 10.20 | 5.30 | 40 | [36] |
| Pakistan (North Pujab) |
13.67 | 6.47 | 70 | 21.50 | 7.53 | 70 | 11.50 | 4.80 | 45 | 15.78 | 5.43 | 45 | 9.80 | 4.50 | 60 | 18.79 | 6.32 | 60 | [37] |
| Spain | 1037.3 | 21.4 | 10 | 1134.5 | 34.5 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [56] |
| Italy | 354.5 | 53.3 | 50 | 387.3 | 70.5 | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [57] |
| India | <LOD | - | - | 186.6 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [68] |
| Morocco | 1430 | 158 | 45 | 1450 | 163 | 45 | 2500 | 360 | 30 | 4320 | 730 | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [54] |
| Saudi arabia (Mekka) | 411 | - | - | 422 | 16.6 | 34 | 17.4 | - | - | 36.6 | 3.4 | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [50] |
| Saudi arabia (Jeddah) | 4.28 | - | 45.5 | 7.13 | 1.86 | 63.6 | 3.85 | - | 66.7 | 4.39 | 1.16 | 75 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [58] |
| Iran | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.08 | 0.48 | 2.3 | 38.1 | 14.4 | 90.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [55] |
| Iran | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.0 | 2.1 | 40.9 | 8.1 | 2.6 | 40.9 | [28] | ||
| Iran | - | - | - | 5.8 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | 3.6 | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [61] |
| Algeria | 8.72 | 4.45 | 87.5 | 13.45 | 6.70 | 87.5 | 6.34 | 3.42 | 75 | 8.76 | 4.90 | 75 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [62] |
| Turkey | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.06 | 0.86 | 20 | 10.3 | 1.68 | 64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [60] |
| Turkey | 368 | 4.55 | 14.6 | 385 | 4.95 | 14.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [59] |
| Tunisia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ND | - | - | 3.04 | - | 46 | [65] |
-: Not available; ND: not detected (<limit of detection; LOD); * one sample.