Table 1.
Select antigen-specific Treg studies in human type 1 diabetes.
| Method | Autoantigen Target(s) [HLA(s)] |
Primary Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetramer staining | IGRP [DR3, DR4] | IL-10 | [39] |
| Cytokine ELISPOT | Insulin B:9–23; mimotopes [DQ8] | IL-10 | [40] |
| HIPs [DQ8] | IL-10 | [42,43] | |
| Proinsulin, IA-2 [DR4] | IL-10 | [41] | |
| Cloning, cytokine ELISA; flow cytometry | Proinsulin, IA-2 | IL-10; | |
| [DR3, DR4] | granzyme A, B; | [48] | |
| Treg suppression | |||
| Cytokine beads; flow cytometry | GAD65, PPI, IGRP | IL-10; IP-10 | [49] |
| Cloning; cytokine ELISA; flow cytometry; TCR-peptide-MHC crystallization |
Proinsulin [DR4] | IL-10, granzyme B; TCR-peptide-MHCdocking | [51] |
| Tetramer staining, cloning, flow cytometry | GAD, IGRP, PPI, ZnT8 [DR3, DR4, DR15, DQ6] |
IL-10; Treg suppression | [53] |
Treg: regulatory T cell; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; ELISpot: enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IGRP: islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein; HIP: hybrid insulin peptide; IA-2: islet antigen-2; GAD65: glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kilodalton isoform, PPI: preproinsulin; ZnT8: zinc transporter 8; IL: interleukin; TCR: T cell receptor; MHC: major histocompatibility complex.