. 1999 Nov;43(11):2726–2730. doi: 10.1128/aac.43.11.2726

TABLE 1.

In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805), trovafloxacin, and other oral antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobic pathogens

Organism (no. of isolates) and agent	MIC (μg/ml)^a			Organism (no. of isolates) and agent	MIC (μg/ml)^a
Organism (no. of isolates) and agent	Range	50%	90%	Organism (no. of isolates) and agent	Range	50%	90%
Actinomyces odontolyticus (10)
Gemifloxacin	1–2	2	2
Trovafloxacin	2–4	4	4
Penicillin G	0.125–0.25	0.125	0.125
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.06–0.125	0.125	0.25
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.5	0.125	0.25
Erythromycin	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	0.03
Azithromycin	≤0.015–0.06	0.03	0.06
Clarithromycin	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Metronidazole	4–>32	16	32
Actinomyces israelii (6)
Gemifloxacin	0.5–2	1
Trovafloxacin	0.5–2	1
Penicillin G	≤0.015–0.25	0.03
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–1	0.03
Clindamycin	0.06–0.25	0.06
Erythromycin	0.03	0.03
Azithromycin	0.06	0.06
Clarithromycin	≤0.015	≤0.015
Metronidazole	1–32	4
Anaerobiospirillum thomasii (13)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.25	0.125	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.06–0.5	0.125	0.25
Penicillin G	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.125–0.25	0.125	0.25
Clindamycin	8–>32	32	>32
Erythromycin	1–16	4	8
Azithromycin	0.125–1	0.5	1
Clarithromycin	2–32	4	16
Metronidazole	1–4	2	4
Anaerobiosprillum succiniciproducens (3)
Gemifloxacin	0.5–2	1
Trovafloxacin	0.5–2	1
Penicillin G	0.5–1	0.5
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.25–0.5	0.25
Clindamycin	32	32
Erythromycin	8–16	16
Azithromycin	0.5–1	0.5
Clarithromycin	8–32	32
Metronidazole	4–8	8
Bacteroides gracilis (11)
Gemifloxacin	≤0.015–1	≤0.015	1
Trovafloxacin	≤0.015–2	0.03	0.5
Penicillin G	≤0.015–4	0.125	4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–2	0.5	2
Clindamycin	0.03–8	0.25	2
Erythromycin	0.125–2	1	2
Azithromycin	0.06–0.5	0.125	0.5
Clarithromycin	0.25–2	1	1
Metronidazole	0.06–>32	0.5	>32
Bacteroides tectum (22)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–8	0.125	0.25
Trovafloxacin	0.03–0.125	0.06	0.125
Penicillin G	≤0.015–32	0.03	16
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–0.5	0.06	0.5
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.125	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.25–1	0.5	0.5
Azithromycin	0.5–2	1	2
Clarithromycin	0.125	0.125	0.125
Metronidazole	0.125–2	0.5	0.5
Bacteroides ureolyticus (17)
Gemifloxacin	≤0.015–2	≤0.015	2
Trovafloxacin	≤0.015–4	0.06	4
Penicillin G	≤0.015–1	≤0.015	0.25
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–1	≤0.015	0.125
Clindamycin	0.03–0.5	0.06	0.25
Erythromycin	0.125–2	0.25	2
Azithromycin	0.06–0.25	0.06	0.25
Clarithromycin	0.125–4	0.5	2
Metronidazole	0.06–2	0.25	1
Bilophila wadsworthia (16)
Gemifloxacin	0.125–>8	0.25	4
Trovafloxacin	0.125–>8	0.5	>8
Penicillin G	2–16	4	8
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	1–4	2	4
Clindamycin	0.25–2	0.5	2
Erythromycin	4–32	16	32
Azithromycin	1–16	4	16
Clarithromycin	4–32	16	32
Metronidazole	0.125	0.125	0.125
Clostridium clostridioforme (11)
Gemifloxacin	0.5–>8	0.5	1
Trovafloxacin	1–8	4	4
Penicillin G	0.5–>32	1	16
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.5–8	0.5	1
Clindamycin	≤0.015–2	0.06	2
Erythromycin	0.25–>32	16	>32
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	16	>32
Clarithromycin	0.125–>32	4	>32
Metronidazole	0.03–1	0.125	0.5
Clostridium difficile (14)
Gemifloxacin	1–>8	2	>8
Trovafloxacin	0.5–>8	1	>8
Penicillin G	1–4	2	4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.5–1	1	1
Clindamycin	0.25–>32	0.5	>32
Erythromycin	0.25–>32	0.5	>32
Azithromycin	1–>32	2	>32
Clarithromycin	0.125–>32	0.5	>32
Metronidazole	0.25–1	0.5	0.5
Clostridium innocuum (11)
Gemifloxacin	0.125–>8	0.25	2
Trovafloxacin	0.25–>8	0.5	8
Penicillin G	0.25–>32	0.5	0.5
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.5–2	0.5	0.5
Clindamycin	0.25–>32	0.5	>32
Erythromycin	0.5–>32	>32	>32
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	>32	>32
Clarithromycin	0.25–>32	>32	>32
Metronidazole	0.5–2	0.5	1
Clostridium ramosum (10)
Gemifloxacin	0.125–2	0.25	1
Trovafloxacin	0.25–8	0.5	2
Penicillin G	0.06–1	0.06	1
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.06–0.25	0.06	0.25
Clindamycin	0.25–4	2	2
Erythromycin	0.5–>32	1	>32
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	0.25	>32
Clarithromycin	0.25–>32	0.5	>32
Metronidazole	1	1	1
Fusobacterium spp. group 1 (19)^b
Gemifloxacin	0.06–8	0.25	8
Trovafloxacin	0.25–4	0.5	4
Penicillin G	≤0.015–16	≤0.015	2
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.25	0.06	0.125
Clindamycin	≤0.015–2	0.06	0.125
Erythromycin	1–>32	8	32
Azithromycin	0.06–32	1	8
Clarithromycin	≤0.015–32	8	32
Metronidazole	0.125–0.5	0.25	4
Fusobacterium spp. group 2 (12)^c
Gemifloxacin	0.125–>8	4	4
Trovafloxacin	1–>8	4	4
Penicillin G	≤0.015–>32	0.25	0.5
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.125–>4	1	2
Clindamycin	0.06–8	1	8
Erythromycin	8–>32	>32	>32
Azithromycin	1–>32	16	32
Clarithromycin	4–>32	>32	>32
Metronidazole	0.125–1	0.5	1
Fusobacterium russii (12)
Gemifloxacin	0.5–>8	>8	>8
Trovafloxacin	0.5–4	4	4
Penicillin G	≤0.015–0.06	0.03	0.06
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.25	0.06	0.125
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.125	0.03	0.06
Erythromycin	1–>32	4	>32
Azithromycin	0.03–32	0.25	32
Clarithromycin	2–>32	4	>32
Metronidazole	≤0.015–0.25	0.125	0.25
Fusobacterium varium (17)
Gemifloxacin	0.25–>8	>8	>8
Trovafloxacin	0.5–>8	4	>8
Penicillin G	0.03–>32	0.5	8
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.125–4	2	4
Clindamycin	0.06–16	4	16
Erythromycin	32–>32	>32	>32
Azithromycin	2–>32	32	>32
Clarithromycin	32–>32	>32	>32
Metronidazole	0.125–4	1	2
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus (11)
Gemifloxacin	0.125–0.25	0.25	0.25
Trovafloxacin	0.5–2	1	1
Penicillin G	≤0.015–1	0.03	0.25
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–1	0.03	0.125
Clindamycin	≤0.015–>32	0.06	>32
Erythromycin	1–>32	4	>32
Azithromycin	0.5–>32	4	>32
Clarithromycin	0.5–>32	2	>32
Metronidazole	0.125–2	0.5	1
Peptostreptococcus magnus (13)
Gemifloxacin	0.03–0.06	0.03	0.06
Trovafloxacin	0.06–0.25	0.125	0.25
Penicillin G	≤0.015–1	0.03	0.25
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–1	0.03	0.125
Clindamycin	0.06–2	0.5	2
Erythromycin	1–>32	4	>32
Azithromycin	2–>32	4	>32
Clarithromycin	0.5–>32	2	>32
Metronidazole	0.25–2	0.5	0.5
Peptostreptococcus micros (12)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.06
Trovafloxacin	0.03–0.125	0.06	0.06
Penicillin G	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	0.03
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–0.125	0.03	0.125
Erythromycin	0.5–1	0.5	0.5
Azithromycin	0.5–1	0.5	1
Clarithromycin	0.6	0.5	0.5
Clindamycin	0.06–0.125	0.125	0.125
Metronidazole	0.03–0.25	0.25	0.25
Peptostreptococcus prevotii (9)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.25	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.25–1	0.25
Penicillin G	0.03–0.06	0.03
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.125	0.03
Clindamycin	0.030–32	1
Erythromycin	0.03–>32	>32
Azithromycin	0.06–>32	32
Clarithromycin	≤0.015–>32	>32
Metronidazole	0.125–1	0.5
Porphyromonas asaccharo-lytica (11)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.03–0.25	0.25	0.25
Penicillin G	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	0.03
Clindamycin	≤0.015–>32	≤0.015	>32
Erythromycin	0.03–32	0.03	32
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	0.25	>32
Clarithromycin	≤0.015–>32	0.06	>32
Metronidazole	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Porphyromonas canoris (10)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.25	0.25	0.25
Trovafloxacin	0.06–0.5	0.25	0.5
Penicillin G	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	≤0.015
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	0.03
Clindamycin	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.03–0.25	0.06	0.125
Azithromycin	0.125–0.05	0.25	0.25
Clarithromycin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Metronidazole	≤0.015–0.5	0.25	0.25
Porphyromonas gingivalis (13)
Gemifloxacin	≤0.015–0.125	0.06	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.03–0.06	0.06	0.06
Penicillin G	≤0.015–0.06	≤0.015	0.03
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.06	≤0.015	0.06
Clindamycin	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.06–0.5	0.125	0.5
Azithromycin	0.125–1	0.25	0.5
Clarithromycin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Metronidazole	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	0.03
Porphyromonas macacae (13)
Gemifloxacin	0.03–0.125	0.06	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.03–0.125	0.06	0.125
Penicillin G	≤0.015–1	0.5	0.5
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.06	0.5	0.5
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.06–0.25	0.125	0.25
Azithromycin	0.125–1	0.5	0.5
Clarithromycin	0.06–0.125	0.125	0.125
Metronidazole	≤0.015–0.125	0.06	0.125
Porphyromonas spp. (11)^d
Gemifloxacin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Trovafloxacin	0.06–1	0.25	1
Penicillin G	≤0.015–4	≤0.015	≤0.015
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–0.06	≤0.015	≤0.015
Clindamycin	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	≤0.015–0.5	0.06	0.06
Azithromycin	0.125–1	0.25	0.5
Clarithromycin	0.06–0.125	0.06	0.125
Metronidazole	≤0.015–0.25	0.03	0.125
Prevotella bivia (21)
Gemifloxacin	4–>8	8	8
Trovafloxacin	1–4	2	2
Penicillin G	0.25–32	16	32
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.06–4	0.5	4
Clindamycin	≤0.015–>32	≤0.015	0.03
Erythromycin	0.06–>32	1	2
Azithromycin	0.25–>32	0.5	1
Clarithromycin	0.06–>32	0.125	0.25
Metronidazole	0.5–4	2	4
Prevotella buccae-oris group (22)^e
Gemifloxacin	0.5–8	2	2
Trovafloxacin	0.25–4	1	2
Penicillin G	0.06–>32	8	>32
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.125–2	0.25	1
Erythromycin	0.5–8	1	2
Azithromycin	0.125–4	0.5	1
Clarithromycin	0.06–1	0.125	0.25
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.125	≤0.015	0.03
Metronidazole	0.5–4	1	2
Prevotella heparinolytica (16)
Gemifloxacin	0.25–0.5	0.5	0.5
Trovafloxacin	0.125–0.25	0.125	0.25
Penicillin G	0.06–0.25	0.06	0.125
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.06–0.25	0.125	0.25
Clindamycin	≤0.015	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.25–0.5	0.25	0.25
Azithromycin	0.5–1	0.5	1
Clarithromycin	0.06–0.125	0.125	0.125
Metronidazole	0.06–1	0.5	1

Prevotella intermedia (11)
Gemifloxacin	0.06–1	0.25	0.5
Trovafloxacin	0.06–1	0.5	1
Penicillin G	≤0.015–16	0.03	4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–0.5	0.03	0.125
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.03	≤0.015	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.03–0.5	0.06	0.25
Azithromycin	0.03–1	0.125	0.5
Clarithromycin	≤0.015–0.125	≤0.015	0.125
Metronidazole	0.03–1	0.5	1
Prevotella melaninogenica (12)
Gemifloxacin	0.125–>8	1	8
Trovafloxacin	0.06–8	1	4
Penicillin G	≤0.015–2	0.25	2
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–16	2	4
Clindamycin	≤0.015–32	≤0.015	0.5
Erythromycin	0.06–32	1	8
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	0.25	32
Clarithromycin	0.06–4	0.125	4
Metronidazole	0.125–4	0.5	1
Prevotella denticola-loescheii group (6)
Gemifloxacin	0.25–8	0.5
Trovafloxacin	0.06–4	1
Penicillin G	≤0.015–32	4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	0.03–0.5	0.06
Clindamycin	≤0.015–0.25	≤0.015
Erythromycin	0.125–16	0.25
Azithromycin	0.06–16	0.5
Clarithromycin	0.03–2	0.06
Metronidazole	0.5–1	1
Veillonella spp. (24)
Gemifloxacin	0.03–>8	1	8
Trovafloxacin	0.125–>8	0.25	>8
Penicillin G	≤0.015–8	1	4
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	≤0.015–>4	0.5	2
Clindamycin	0.03–>32	0.06	2
Erythromycin	1–>32	16	>32
Azithromycin	0.125–>32	4	>32
Clarithromycin	1–>32	16	>32
Metronidazole	0.25–2	1	2

50% and 90%, MICs at which 50 and 90% of the isolates are inhibited, respectively.

Fusobacterium gonidiaformans (1), Fusobacterium naviforme (8), Fusobacterium necrophorum (8), Fusobacterium nucleatum (1), and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis (1).

Fusobacterium mortiferum (2), Fusobacterium necrogenes (3), and Fusobacterium ulcerans (7).

Porphyromonas cangingivalis (4), Porphyromonas cansulci (2), Porphyromonas circumdentaria (2), and Porphyromonas levii (3).

Prevotella buccae (20) and Prevotella oris (2).