Table 1.
Expression profile of immune checkpoint markers on T cells from HIV/SIV-infected individuals.
| IC Marker |
Healthy Controls | HIV-Infected Individuals | Long-Term Nonprogressors | Viremic Individuals | ART-Treated HIV-Infected Individuals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+ T Cells | CD8+ T Cells | CD4+ T Cells | CD8+ T Cells | CD4+ T Cells | CD8+ T Cells | CD4+ T Cells | CD8+ T Cells | CD4+ T Cells | CD8+ T Cells | |
| PD-1 | 5–20% [9,10,11,12] RM: 12% [29] |
5–23% [9,10,12,19,21,23,30] | 10% [10] | 10% [10] | 6–21% [9,11,16,31] | 11–20% [9,31] | 14–50% [9,11,12,14,15,16,31] RM: 6% [29] |
21–50% [9,12,14,15,19,20,21,23,30,31] | 10–35% [9,11,12,15,17,18] RM: 10% [29] |
10–30% [9,11,12,15,18,21,23,30] |
| TIGIT | 10–18% [10,11,32] | 30% [10,32,33] RM: 20% [32] |
20% [10] | 50% [10] RM: 40% [32] |
18–19% [11,32] | 50–57% [32,33] | 21–30% [11,32] | 65–70% [32,33] | 17–20% [11,17,32] | 45–60% [32,33] |
| CTLA-4 | 1–6% [11,12,34,35] RM: 4% [29] |
1–2% [12,35] | 6%-11% [34,35] | 1% [35] | 3–7% [11,16,31] | 0.67% [31] | 2–10% [11,12,16,31] RM: 2% [29] |
0.37, 10–12% [12] | 1–8% [11,12,34] RM: 1% [29] |
5% [12] |
| LAG-3 | 6% [36] RM: 9% [36] |
5–7% [30,36] RM: 9% [36] |
N/A | N/A | 0.065% [31] | 0.047% [31] | 0.021,14–48% [14,31,36] RM: 12% [36] |
0.004,8–32% [14,30,31,36] RM: 15% [36] |
12% [17] | 4% [30] |
| Tim-3 | 3–15% [10,37] RM: 1% [38] |
5–29% [10,37] RM: 5% [38] |
5% [10] | 5% [10] | 22% [37] | 30% [37] | 30–41% [14,31,37] RM: 2% [38] |
14–59% [14,20,37] RM: 5% [38] |
0.8% [17] | N/A |
| CD160 | 3% [10] | 1–10% [10,21,30,39] | 12% [10] | 20% [10] | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15–40% [21,30,39] | 1.1% [17] | 10–16% [21,30] |
| 2B4 | 3% [10] | 40–57% [10,21,30] | 10% [10] | 65% [10] | 5% [31] | 70% [31] | 10% [31] | 75–85% [21,30,31] | 9.5% [17] | 60–70% [21,30] |
| BTLA | 85% [24] | 69% [24] | N/A | N/A | 75% [24] | 42% [24] | 60% [24] | 21% [24] | N/A | N/A |
| VISTA | 3% [10] | 5% [10] | 8% [10] | 10% [10] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
RM, rhesus monkey; ART, active antiretroviral therapy; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; TIGIT, T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene-3, Tim-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3, BTLA, B and T lymphocyte attenuator; VISTA, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation; N/A, not assessed.