Table 3.

Summary of therapeutic effects of IC blockers in HIV-infected patients.

Reference	IC blocker	Target	Objective	Treatment	Outcomes
Oscar Blanch-Lombarte [78]	Pembrolizumab	PD-1	ART HIV-1-infected individual with metastatic melanoma	Pembrolizumab (2 mg/kg/3 weeks)	Enhances HIV-1 specific-CD8+ T cell function. Reduces HIV DNA transiently.
Vanessa A Evans [67]	Nivolumab	PD-1	ART HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma	Single intravenous infusion of nivolumab (3 mg/kg)	Increases cell-associated HIV RNA in CD4+ T cells. No change of HIV DNA or plasma HIV RNA.
Jillian S.Y. Lau [79]	Nivolumab Ipilimumab	PD-1 CTLA-4	ART HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma	Ipilimumab (1 mg/kg/3 weeks) and Nivolumab (3 mg/kg/3 weeks)	Increases cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA. Increases HIV-specific central and effector memory CD8+ T cell function. No consistent change of HIV DNA or the proportion of cells with inducible MS HIV RNA.
Fiona Wightman [77]	Ipilimumab	CTLA-4	ART HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma	Ipilimumab (3 mg/kg, four doses/3 week)	No change in plasma HIV RNA overall. Decreases plasma HIV RNA, increases CD4 T cell/CD8 T cell counts and enhances CD4+ T cell activation cyclically following each ipilimumab infusion. Increases cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA following the first and second infusions.
A Guihot [80]	Nivolumab	PD-1	ART HIV-infected individual with NSCLC	Nivolumab (15 injections/14 days)	Increases plasma HIV RNA transiently. Restores HIV Nef specific CD8+ T cells function. Diminishes HIV reservoir.
M Hentrich [81]	Nivolumab	PD-1	ART HIV-infected individual with NSCLC	Chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection Nivolumab (3 mg/kg)	Decreases CD4 T cell counts. HIV-RNA remains undetectable. Slows progressive disease.
Brennan McCullar [82]	Nivolumab	PD-1	ART HIV-infected individual with NSCLC	One cycle of carboplatin/paclitaxel Definitive chemo-radiation with cisplatin and etoposide Start nivolumab	CD4 T cell counts remain stable. Viral load remains undetectable.
Gwenaëlle Le Garff [83]	Nivolumab	PD-1	ART HIV-infected individual with NSCLC	Decompressive radiotherapy Six cisplatin/gemcitabine and four Taxotere chemotherapy treatments Start nivolumab	HIV viral load remains undetectable. CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell counts transiently increased. HIV-specific IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells slightly increased. Almost no change in HIV replication or reservoirs.
E P Scully [84]	Nivolumab Pembrolizumab	PD-1	ART HIV-1-infected individuals with malignancies	Nivolumab (participant 1 with head and neck SCC, standard dosing, for 18 months) Nivolumab (participant 2 with head and neck SCC, four doses) Pembrolizumab (participant 3 with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin)	No consistent change in CD4 T cell counts or CD4+ T cell cell-associated HIV-1 RNA/DNA or plasma virus load. No change in HIV-1 Gag specific T cell responses.
Neil J Shah [85]	Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab	PD-1/PD-L1	HIV-infected individuals with advanced-stage cancers	Anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy or anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy combined with chemotherapy	No change in HIV viral load or CD4 T cell counts. Toxicity and efficacy rates are similar to those observed in patients without HIV.
Thomas A. Rasmussen [86]	Nivolumab Ipilimumab	PD-1 CTLA-4	ART HIV-infected individual with advanced malignancies	Nivolumab (240 mg every 2 weeks) in combination with ipilimumab (1 mg/kg every 6 weeks)	Increases cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA. Eliminates cells containing replication-competent HIV.
Cynthia L Gay [89]	BMS-936559	PD-L1	ART HIV-1-infected adults	Single infusions of BMS-936559 (0.3 mg/kg)	Increases HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8+ responses. CD4 T cell counts remain unchanged. No consistent change in HIV-1 DNA or RNA/DNA ratio.
Elizabeth Colston [88]	Ipilimumab	CTLA-4	Chronic HIV-1 -infected individuals	Ipilimumab, 0.1, 1, or 3 mg/kg, two doses every 28 days; or 5 mg/kg, four doses every 28 days	Decreases plasma HIV-1 RNA of two patients treated with 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg ipilimumab. Increases plasma HIV-1 RNA in 14 patients treated with 3 or 5 mg/kg ipilimumab. No change in CD4 and CD8 T cell counts.