Table 6.

Some therapeutic approaches effective against biofilms.

Type of Therapy	Target	Biofilm	Type of Assay	References
Bacteriophage therapy	EPS polysaccharide	S. aureus	in vitro	[128]
Vaccine (Staphvax)	capsular polysaccharide serotypes (CP5 and CP5)	S. aureus	phase III clinical trials	[135]
CRISPR/Cas	luxS and fimH genes	E. coli	in vitro	[132,133]
CRISPR/Cas	ompA	C. neteri	in vivo	[134]
Photodynamic therapy	EPS	S. aureus	in vitro	[12]
Virus like particles	agr QS system	S. aureus	in vivo	[135,136]
Vaccine	pili-S and integration host factor (IHF)	H. influenzae	in vivo	[137]
Catalytic antimicrobial robots	kill cells and detach biofilms	S. mutans	in vitro	[138]
Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles	N/A	S. aureus	in vivo	[139]
Arikayce™	inhibition of protein synthesis	M. avium	phase III clinical trials	[140]
Fluidsomes™	inhibition of protein synthesis	P. aeruginosa	Phase II clinical trials	[140]
Calcium fluoride nanoparticles	various cellular processes	S. mutans	in vitro and in vivo	[141]