Table 2.

Causes of bleeding in COVID-19.

1. Side effects of anticoagulation therapy

2. Complications of enhanced-fibrinolytic-type DIC

3. Vascular endotheliitis, fragility of vessel walls

4. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (during ECMO)

5. Thrombocytopenia

6. Decreased coagulation factors (liver failure, vitamin K deficiency, etc.)

7. Others

Abbreviations: COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.