Table 1.

Main characteristics of the in vitro studies included in the review.

Study (Year)	Type of Tooth	IDS Technique	Type of Restoration	Aging Procedures	Bond Strength Test Used
Brigagão et al., 2016.	Human third molar	Application of an universal adhesive system in self-etch or etch-and-rinse mode. Temporary restoration. Cleaning with rotary brush. Application of an universal adhesive system.	Composite resin blocks luted with conventional or self-adhesive resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 7 days.	Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS)
Choi et al., 2010.	Human molars	Application of a two-step self-etch or a two-step total-etch adhesive system.	Porcelain specimens luted with resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h.	Shear bond strength (SBS)
Da Silva et al., 2016.	Human molars	Application of a three-step total-etch adhesive. Temporary restoration. Application of a three-step total-etch adhesive.	Composite resin.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h.	μTBS
Dalby et al., 2011.	Human third molars	Application of a three-step total-etch, two-step self-etch adhesive system, two-step total-etch, or a one-step self-etch adhesive system.	Heat-pressed leucite reinforced glass ceramic luted with resin cement.	Distilled water at room temperature for one week.	SBS
De Carvalho et al., 2020.	Human third molars	Application of a three-step total-etch, two-step total-etch, two-step self-etch adhesive system, or a universal adhesive system. Application of an additional flowable resin coating. Provisionalization. Preparation cleaning with 50 μm aluminum oxide airborne-particle (5 s at 1.5 cm and 2 bar) and phosphoric acid (15 s, rinsed and dried) and covered with a layer of adhesive resin.	Resin composite.	Distilled water at room temperature for at least 24 h.	μTBS
Deniz et al., 2021.	Human molar	Application of a two-step total-etch or a universal adhesive system. Application of a universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE).	Self-adhesive resin resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h	SBS
Duarte et al., 2009.	Human third molars	Application of a two-step total-etch or a one-step self-etch. Temporary restoration. Surface cleaning with pumice and water. Acid etching with 35% phosphoric acid. Application of 2–3 layers of Adper Single Bond or Adper Prompt L-Pop.	Ceromer inlays luted with resin cement.	Thermal cycling (1000 times between 5°C and 55 °C)	μTBS
Falkensammer et al., 2014.	Human premolars	Application of a two-step self-etch adhesive system. Temporary restoration. Surface cleaning with fluoride-free pumice, airborne-particle abrasion with silicoated aluminum oxide, or calcium carbonate powder for 5 s	Prefabricated feldspathic ceramicBlocks luted with resin cement.	Saline solution at 37 °C for 24 h.	SBS
Ferreira-Filho et al., 2018.	Human third molars	Application of a one-step self-etch, a two-step self-etch, a two-step etch-and-rinse, or a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system.	Composite resin luted with a self-adhesive resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for seven days.	μTBS
Gailani et al., 2021.	Human molars	Application of a three-step total-etch or universal adhesive system. Provisional restoration. Surface sandblasting with prophy mate cleaning powder “Calcium Carbonate”. Application and polymerization of a new adhesive layer.	Ceramic blocks luted with resin cement.	Simulated Pulp Pressure at room temperature for 24 h.	μTBS
Hayashi et al., 2019.	Human mandibular premolars	Application of a universal and a low-viscosity resin composite. Temporary restoration. Cleaning with polishing brush.	Feldspathic ceramic block luted with adhesive resin cement.	Cyclic load of 118 N over 90 cycles/min for a total of 300,000 cycles	μTBS
Hironaka et al., 2016.	Human molars	Application of a two-step self-etch adhesive system and a thin layer of adhesive resin. Temporary restoration. Surface cleaning with pumice and water.	Composite resin inlays luted with dual-polymerized resin cement.	Artificial saliva for 24 h at 37 °C	μTBS
Ishii et al., 2017.	Human molars	Application of an universal adhesive system and a low viscosity restorative composite. Temporary restoration Surface cleaning with Scotchbond Universal Etchant, 3M ESPE Application and photoactivation of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive system.	CAD/CAM onlay restorations luted with resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h	μTBS
Magne et al., 2007.	Human molars	Application of 3-step etch-rinse or a 2-step self-etching adhesive system. Provisional restoration. Microairborne particle abrasion of adhesive. One coat of adhesive resin was then applied and left unpolymerized until the application of the restorative material.	Composite restoration.	Distilled water at room temperature for 24 h	μTBS
Magne et al., 2005.	Human molars	Application of a 3-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agent Provisional restoration. Surface cleaning with airborne-particle abrasion. Application of dentin bonding agent.	Resin composite.	Distilled water at room temperature for 24 h	μTBS
Murata et al., 2018.	Human maxillary first molars	Application of a universal adhesive system and a layer of flowable composite.	CAD/CAM ceramic onlay luted with resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h	μTBS
Rigos et al., 2019.	Human third molars	Application of 3-step etch-rinse adhesive system. Air-dry and silanization for 60 s	Monolithic zirconia cylinders luted with resin cement.	Distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h	SBS
Sag et al., 2020.	Human molars	Application of a 2-step self-etching adhesive system (SE Bond; Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan). Application of a 1 mm layer of Filtek Ultimate Flowable (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, ABD) Provisional restoration	Indirect composite and resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM blocks.	Distilled water under 15 cm water pressure for 7 days.	SBS
Sakr et al., 2021.	Human molars	Application of 3-step etch-rinse adhesive system.	Resin composite discs luted with resin cement.	Distilled water for 24 h	SBS
Santana et al., 2016.	Human molars	Application of a one-step self-etching adhesive or a two-step total-etch (Single Bond, 3M) adhesive system. Airborne particle abrasion with 50-lm aluminum oxide particles	Resin composite discs luted with resin cement.	Distilled water for 24 h	μTBS
Van den Breemer et al., 2019.	Human molars	Application of one or two layers of a 3-step etch-rinse adhesive system. The same procedures were performed with the addition of a flowable resin composite. Provisional restoration Surface cleaning with pumice rubbing (SC-P), or were tribochemically silica coated (SC-PS). A silane coupling agent was applied. The primer (Optibond FL Primer, Kerr) was then applied. A thin layer of heated (40 °C) adhesive resin was next applied.	Resin composite	0.5% chloramine T solution at 37 °C for one week.	μTBS
Van den Breemer et al., 2019. (b)	Human third molars	Application of one or two layers of a two-step self-etch adhesive system or a three-step total-etch adhesive system. Or one layer of a two-step self-etch adhesive system, or a three-step total-etch adhesive system and one layer of flowable resin composite. Temporary Restoration Cleaning using pumice or silica coating Silane Application of primer. Application of adhesive.	Composite cement	Thermocycling ×10,000 cycles between 5 °C to 55 °C	SBS

Universal adhesisve systems used: Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE), OptiBond Universal (Kerr), Prime and Bond active universal (Dentsply), Future bond Universal (Voco), All Bond Universal (Bisco), AdheSE Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent), OneCoat 7 Universal (Coltene), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Noritake Dental). Three-step total-etch adhesive systems used: Adper ScotchBond multipurpose (3M ESPE), Optibond FL (Kerr). Two-step self-etch adhesive systems used: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), One Coat Bond (Coltene/Whaledent AG), AdheSE (Ivoclar Vivadent). Two-step total-etch adhesive systems used: Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), Single Bond (3M ESPE), XP Bond (Dentsply). One-step self-etch adhesive systems used: Go! (SDI), Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE), Xeno V (Dentsply), ED Primer (Kuraray). Silane coupling agent used: ESPE-SIL (3M). Resin composites used: Z100 (3M ESPE), Z350 XT (3M ESPE), Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE), Solidex (SHOFU Dental), HFO composite (Micerium). Flowable resin used: Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (3M ESPE), Clearfil Majesty ES Flow (Kuraray Noritake Dental), Filtek Supreme, Ultra Flowable Restorative (3M ESPE), Grand IO Flow (VOCO). Resin cements used: Rely X ARC (3M ESPE), RelyX U200 (3M ESPE), Variolink II cement (Ivoclar Vivadent), Rely X Unicem (3M ESPE), RelyX Ultimate (3M ESPE), PANAVIA V5 (Kuraray Noritake Dental), Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc), PermaCem Dual Smartmix (DMG America). Ceramics used: Super Porcelain EX-3 (Noritake Kizai Co), Authentic (Ceranay), Vitablocs Mark II (Vita Zahnfabrik), CAD/CAM Lava™ Ultimate blocks, 3M ESPE), Vita ENAMIC (Vita), CEREC AC (Omnicam), BruxZir (Solid Zirconia). Ceromers used: Targis system (Ivoclar Vivadent).