Table 3.
Characteristics, baseline biochemical variables and cytokine levels of the COVID-19 cohort for the obesity sub-study.
| Variables | WOB Mean (SD); n (%) n = 109 |
OB Mean (SD); n (%) n = 37 |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.43 (15.65) | 53.46 (15.17) | 0.091 | |
| Sex N (%) | Male | 57 (55.9) | 14 (40.0) | 0.106 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.27 (2.90) | 34.99 (4.65) | <0.001 * | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.75 (19.90) | 131.37 (18.04) | 0.409 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.82 (9.96) | 80 (71–88.25) | 0.104 | |
| Admission stay—mean (SD) | 15.26 (17.16) | 12.70 (16.43) | 0.502 | |
| ICU admission N (%) | 21 (20.60) | 7 (20.00) | 0.941 | |
| Invasive ventilatory support need N (%) | 25 (24.5) | 9 (25.7) | 0.402 | |
| Mortality N (%) | 5 (4.90) | 1 (2.90) | 0.611 | |
| Biochemical parameters—Mean (SD) or Median (IQR): | ||||
| Leukocytes (×109/L) | 6.51 (4.70–8.19) | 6.09 (5.20–7.68) | 0.998 | |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 1.02 (0.56) | 1.31 (0.63) | 0.009 * | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.00 (11.55–13.80) | 12.80 (12.00–14.05) | 0.437 | |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 541 (367.00–1047.00) | 554.5 (411.00–746.00) | 0.751 | |
| ESR (mm) | 68.05 (36.56) | 54.23 (35.88) | 0.083 | |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 396 (154.00–701.00) | 351.5 (154.50–457.50) | 0.317 | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 6.65 (2.82–13.42) | 6.95 (3.10–14.72) | 0.681 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 103.5 (88.00–128.75) | 103 (84.00–130.00) | 0.954 | |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 141.44 (38.50) | 140.35 (29.27) | 0.718 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.77 (0.58–0.89) | 0.70 (0.61–0.88) | 0.685 | |
| AST (U/L) | 30 (23.50–43.50) | 31 (23.50–44.50) | 0.583 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (19.00–53.00) | 33 (23.50–51.50) | 0.271 | |
| GGT (U/L) | 44 (24.00–76.00) | 54 (33.00–87.00) | 0.058 | |
| AP (U/L) | 66 (49.00–90.00) | 67 (53.00–90.75) | 0.666 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 280.25 (86.97) | 293.64 (55.43) | 0.138 | |
| Troponin (ng/L) | 6 (2.00–14.25) | 4 (3.00–14.00) | 0.675 | |
| Cytokines—Median (IQR): | ||||
| Resistin (×103 pg/mL) | 36.62 (21.37–54.32) | 35.43 (29.26–69.95) | 0.225 | |
| INF-β (pg/mL) | 1386.98 (568.33–2230.71) | 299.07 (228.25–2497.14) | 0.184 | |
| INF-γ (pg/mL) | 11.69 (5.20–23.83) | 8.78 (5.87–20.56) | 0.846 | |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 5.80 (2.63–13.17) | 4.50 (1.88–14.98) | 0.645 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 8.90 (4.78–23.65) | 11.70 (5.22–16.52) | 0.957 | |
| IL-7 (pg/mL) | 8.12 (3.56–14.13) | 6.61 (3.91–11.96) | 0.828 | |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 37.81 (13.25–86.42) | 68.61 (21.73–127.80) | 0.076 | |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 50.30 (28.72–90.48) | 35.88 (7.66–55.53) | 0.979 | |
| IL-13 (pg/mL) | 14.79 (8.96–27.36) | 16.44 (11.75–34.77) | 0.462 | |
| IL-15 (pg/mL) | 10.83 (6.30–19.71) | 7.73 (5.49–14.27) | 0.137 | |
| IL-17A (pg/mL) | 11.04 (2.29–30.41) | 11.16 (3.48–20.52) | 0.797 | |
| IL-18 (pg/mL) | 50.30 (28.72–90.48) | 60.94 (40.4–79.69) | 0.302 | |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 725.81 (505.47–1021.62) | 751.19 (514.62–1077.91) | 0.642 | |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 43.85 (25.42–58.66) | 53.20 (27.49–70.01) | 0.132 | |
WOB, patients without obesity; OB, patients with obesity; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, c-reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha. Quantitative data are expressed as the mean (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR), depending on the distribution of the variables. Categorical variables are expressed as counts (percentage). * Significant differences between WOB group and OB group (p < 0.05) by Mann–Whitney.