Table 6.
An outline of different nanoemulsion-based formulations prepared for various ocular disorders.
| Drug | Constituents | Method | Highlights | Conditions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brinzolamide | Capryol90 and Triacetin (Oil), Brij 35, Labrasol, Tyloxapol and Cremophor RH40 (Surfactants), Transcutol P (Cosurfactant) | Instantaneous emulsification | Based on the HET-CAM results, only nanoemulsions prepared with Triacetin, Tyloxapol, and Transcutol P (cosurfactant) at 2:1 ratio and Capryol 90, Cremophor RH40, and Transcutol P at 1:1 were classified as non-irritant and slightly irritant, respectively. The penetration of Brinzolamide w/o nanoemulsions through excised bovine cornea was significant compared to the marketed drug suspension | Glaucoma | [133] |
| Cyclosporine A | Chitosan (Polymer), Oleic acid (Oil), Tween 20 (Surfactant), Transcutol P (Cosurfactant) | Instantaneous emulsification | Tissue distribution studies indicated that chitosan nanoemulsion loaded with cyclosporine A controlled the therapeutic level (≥50–300 ng/g) of cyclosporine A in the cornea and conjunctiva of rabbits up to 24 h. Safety of the formulation was confirmed by Draize test and ocular surface temperature | Dry eye disease, corneal transplant rejection | [152] |
| Dexamethasone acetate and Polymyxin B sulfate | Eutanol G and Lipoid S 100 (Lipids), Cetylpyridinium chloride (Surfactant), Glycerol | High-pressure homogenization | A novel combinatorial approach utilizing cationic drug and cationic preservative to generate uniform-sized particles (<200 nm) with narrow size distribution. Zeta potential decreased from +9 mV to −11 mV after incubation with mucin. No cytotoxicity was observed after in vitro evaluation and was stable after 180 days | Ocular infection | [153] |
| Dorzolamide | Isopropyl myristate (Oil), Tween 80 (Surfactant), Cetyl trimethyl bromide (Cosurfactant) | High-speed homogenization followed by ultrasonication | Optimized nanoemulsions exhibited suitable droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and drug content values. Demonstrated thermodynamic and physical stability. In vitro studies indicated sustained release profile and lowering effect of intraocular pressure in New Zealand rabbits compared to pure drug and marketed eye drops | Glaucoma | [154] |
| Loteprednol etabonate | Capryol 90 (Oil), Tween 80 (Surfactant), Transcutol P (Cosurfactant) | Spontaneous emulsification | Chosen nanoemulsion demonstrated a low ocular sensitivity index and significantly (p < 0.01) elevated Cmax and AUC0–10 h, decreased Tmax, and enhanced bioavailability compared to the marketed formulation | Inflammatory diseases | [155] |
| Lutein | Lutein, Vitamin E, Egg phospholipids, Medium-chain triglyceride, Ethyl acetate, Gellan gum | High shear mixing, High-pressure homogenization, Rotary evaporation | In vitro release study indicated Fickian diffusion by the nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion uptake by ARPE-19 cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Inhibitory effect on HUVEC migration confirmed the absence of neovascularization. Shield retinal cells from the injury caused by hydrogen peroxide remove reactive oxygen species in cells. | Age-related macular regeneration | [148] |