Table 1.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal-fetal mycotoxin biomarkers in blood, in different continents [11].

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes	Continent	Country	N	Mycotoxin	Mycotoxin Concentration Range (pg/mL or pg/mg Albumin)			Analytical Method	References
					Maternal Blood	Cord Blood	Infant Blood
Birth weight/low birth weight	Africa	Kenya	208	AF	12–11,574	17–6819	-	HPLC	[37]
		Sierra Leone	64	AF	-	4.0–9000	-	HPLC	[38]
				OTA		200–3500	-
		Nigeria	164	AFB1	-	32,300–35,600	-	TLC	[40]
		Gambia	138	AF	4.8–260	5.0–89.6	-	ELISA (AF-alb)	[39]
		Ghana	785	AFB1	0.44–268.73	-	-	HPLC (AFB1-lys)	[46]
		Uganda	220	AFB1	0.71–95.60	-	-	HPLC (AFB1-lys)	[47]
	Asia	UAE	201	AF	-	110–15,225	-	HPLC	[48]
							-
		UAE	166	AFM1	30–8490	50–10,440	-	HPLC	[42]
Neonatal jaundice	Africa	Nigeria	407	AF	17–165,067	-	17–165,067	HPLC	[41]
			202	AF	-	13–238,177	24–11,728	HPLC	[43]
			164	AFB1	-	32,300–35,600	-	TLC	[40]
	Asia	UAE	166	AFM1	30–8490	50–10,440	-	HPLC	[42]
Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia	Africa	South Africa	51	FB1	450,000–2,850,000			HPLC	[44]
Preterm birth		Ghana	785	AFB1	0.44–268.73			HPLC (AFB1-lys)	[46]

AF—aflatoxins group, including aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, M₁, M₂, and aflatoxicol (AFl); AF-alb—aflatoxin albumin adduct; AFB₁-lys—aflatoxin B₁-lysine adduct; HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography, TLC—thin layer chromatography, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.