Table 5.
Molecular markers of secondary thyroid cancer cases published in literature.
| Author (Year) | Primary Cancer | Molecular Markers | Systemic Therapy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghossein et al. (2020) [12] | Lung adenocarcinoma (n = 3) | EML4-ALK fusion (n = 1), KRAS mutation (n = 2) in thyroid metastasis | |
| Ko and Kim (2020) [104] | Lung adenocarcinoma | EGFR (exon21: L858R) mutation in primary site and thyroid metastasis. No mutation in ALK, PD-L1, BRAF. | Gefitinib |
| Yamada et al. (2020) [105] | Lung adenocarcinoma | EGFR G719X mutation in primary site and thyroid metastasis | |
| Bellevicine et al. (2015) [88] | Lung adenocarcinoma | KRAS G12C mutation in primary site and thyroid metastasis | Chemotherapy |
| Albany et al. (2011) [94] | Lung adenocarcinoma | EGFR L858R mutation in primary site | Erlotinib |
| Hashimoto et al. (2011) [70] | Lung adenocarcinom a | Primary site and lung component in thyroid: EGFR (exon21: L858R) mutation FVPTC component in thyroid: no EGFR mutation No BRAF, NRAS and HRAS mutation in any site |
Gefitinib |
| Mitani et al. (2020) [106] | Suspected non-small cell lung carcinoma |
EGFR mutation (L858R and T790M) in thyroid metastasis No BRAF(V600E) mutations |
Erlotinib then Osimertinib |
| Liu et al. (2014) [103] | Infiltrating duct carcinoma (no special type) of breast | HER-2 amplification in primary site and thyroid metastasis | Afatinib trial |
| Ghossein et al. (2020) [12] | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | VHL mutation in thyroid metastasis | |
| Bugalho et al. (2006) [101] | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | VHL 680 delA (codon 156/exon 3) mutation in primary site and thyroid metastasis | |
| Yu et al. (2009) [68] | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma b | RCC component in thyroid: loss of heterozygosity at VHL locus (3p.25–26) and chromosomal regions 3p, 5q, 14q, and 17q FVPTC component in thyroid: NRAS 61 mutation No BRAF mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement in any site |
Chemotherapy |
| Keranmu et al. (2017) [90] | Colon adenocarcinoma | KRAS wild type in thyroid metastasis | Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody and irinotecan |
| Lecumberri et al. (2017) [91] | Colon adenocarcinoma | KRAS mutation in thyroid metastasis | Chemotherapy |
| Payandeh et al. (2016) [92] | Colon adenocarcinoma | NRAS wild type, KRAS codon12-mutation p Gly12Asp (c.35G>A) in thyroid metastasis | Bevacizumab and capecitabine |
| Cozzolino et al. (2009) [93] | Colon adenocarcinoma | KRAS G12D mutation in primary site and thyroid metastasis | |
| Collins et al. (2016) [99] | Ocular melanoma | Chromosome 3 monosomy in primary site, BRAF wild type in thyroid metastasis | Pembrolizumab (immunotherapy) |
| Xing et al. (2021) [107] | Myxoid liposarcoma of thigh | TERT promotor and PIK3CA mutations in thyroid metastasis | |
| Ghossein et al. (2020) [12] | Malignant giant cell tumour of femur | H3F3A G34W mutation in thyroid metastasis | |
| Murro et al. (2015) [108] | Synovial sarcoma of trachea-oesophageal groove * | Translocation (X;18) (p11; q11) in thyroid metastasis | Carboplatin and paclitaxel |
| Afrogheh et al. (2016) [66] | Endometrial adenocarcinoma c | Primary site and endometrial component in thyroid: PTEN (c.494G>A), PIK3CA (c.3132T>A), CTNB1 (c.1661G>C) mutation and chromosome 1q amplification Hürthle cell adenoma component in thyroid: molecular markers not specified |
FVPTC: follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. a Collision tumour of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and FVPTC. b Collision tumour of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and FVPTC. c Collision tumour of metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma and Hürthle cell adenoma in the thyroid. * Direct extension into thyroid gland, not distant metastasis.