Table 3.

Forms and applications of HAS.

Starch	AM%	Method of Preparation	In Combination with	Forms and Application	Remarks	References
Amaizo5 Amylomaize	50 70	Baking mould		Foam	AAM content increased: density, foam flexibility decreased, trapped air bubbles, more pores produced.	[35]
HAS	50	Baking mould	PVOH Soft wood fibers Monostearyl citrate	Foam	Strength increased at high and low humidities. Heavy, with irregular shapes.	[36]
HA-acetate (Acetate high amylose starch)	50	Baking mould	Guar gum Magnesium stearate	Foam	Lightweight with regular shape.	[36]
HP-HylonVII (Hydroxyl-propyl Hylon VII)	70	Baking mould		Foam	Viscosity and elasticity of the paste were too low to expand foam using the baking.	[36]
HAS	70	Extrusion	PVOH Sodium stearate	Foam	Reduce shrinkage at 95% RH. Enhanced tensile properties.	[37]
HA-acetate	70%	Twin-screw extruder	Corncob Cellulose	Foam	Corncob and cellulose enhanced hydrophobic properties. Bulk densities and strength increased.	[38]
HylonVII	70%	Electro spinning	Aqueous glutaraldehyde 50% (GTA)	Fibers Diameter (200–700 nm)	Stable in water, non-toxic, 10 times more strength than uncross linked fibers.	[41]
Hylon VII	70%	Electro spinning	Acetic anhydride	Fibers Diameter (50 ± 5µm)	Uniform fibers obtained with small diameter at formic acid concentration (90%).	[40]
Gelose 80	~80	Electrospinning		Fibers diameter between (2.15–4.02 µm)	Better alignment occurred at higher rotational speed and lower ethanol concentration. Speed.	[42]
Gelose 80	76	Electrospinning	Pullulan, Sodium palmitate	Fibers, Diameter (146 ± 50 nm)	Pullulan hindered starch association. Tensile strength of the nanofiber composite was found to be weaker than that of micro-sized pure starch fiber mats.	[43]
HylonVII	70	Electrospinning	Dissolved in different formic acid dispersions (FA)	Fibers, diameter (304 nm) at 100% formic acid and 84 nm at 80% FA.	Diameter decreased as water content increased	[39]
Hylon VII	70	Special pressure vessel at 140–165 °C		Hydrogel	Lost its rigidity, due to the degradation of AP	[45]
Hylon VII	61	Mixing gelatinized starch then autoclave treatment	Alginate matrix	Macro gels	A high AM amount in the starch the produce gels with less degradation after digestibility compared with common starches and high AP starches.	[46]
Hylon VII	−70		MTGase	Gel	MTGase treated gels can withstand high temperature. Hylon VII added to the gels supplied tighter, stronger, and denser protein network.	[47]
Hylon VII	−71	Heated in high pressure reactor apparatus	Guar gum/Xanthan gum	Gel	Guar and xanthan gums affected the pasting properties of normal maize starch more than those of waxy maize starch. no new covalent bonds were formed between the guar and xanthan gums and the starches (normal, waxy and high-AM).	[48]
Amylomaize VII	70	Starch cold gelatinized	Glycerol	Coating	HAS, coating reduced strawberries weight loss and decay. Maintain freshness compared to medium AM starch.	[59]
HP-HAS (hydroxyl propyl high AM starch)	80	Blending and casting	Cellulose crystals Glycerol	Composite film	Improved transparency and mechanical properties.	[61]
HAS	55	Blending and casting	Chitosan, Glycerol, Methyl cellulose	Composite film	Permeability of gas and water increased. Mechanical properties decreased.	[62]
HAS	85.5	Blending and casting	KGM, glycerol	Composite film/Packaging film	Phase separation, high WVP permeability	[63]
HAS	85.5	Blending and casting	KGM, glycerol, β-cyclodextrin	Active composite packaging film	Enhanced WVP, Mechanical properties. Reduced moisture content.	[64]
HAS	80	Blending and casting	Chitosan, glycerol	Composite film	Anti-plasticization effect at 2.5% glycerol accompanied with visual cracks.	[65]
AM-only	99	Blending and casting	CNF, glycerol	Composite film/ Food packaging	Better mechanical properties. Anti-plasticization at 15% of glycerol.	[10]
Hylon VII	−70		Thymol, Menthone Limonene cymene	Starch –flavor complex preparation.	HAS for flavor encapsulation by inclusion technique, effectively entrapped low water solubility flavors.	[51]
Amylomaize	−56	Formation of V-AM molecular inclusion complexes	Capric Myristic Palmitic Stearic oleic	Starch –flavor Complex	Oleic acid in the form of Hylon VII starch complex is efficiently protected against oxidation as well as thermal degradation for at least up to 100 °C	[52]
HAS	72	Blending and casting	Bovine-hide gela- tin, type A. 0.1N NaOH	Composite film	Thickness and transparency increased. Enhanced mechanical properties and water solubility of gelatin films	[66]
HP-HAS	80	Blending and casting	Pomegranate peel (PGP), 20% ethylene glycol	Anti-bacterial, edible composite film/Food industries	It was found that the developed films demonstrated good antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and Salmonella, and enhanced the mechanical behavior.	[69]
HAS	72	Blending and casting	Bovine skin splits	Composite film/Collagen applications	Improvement of mechanical, thermal properties and water solubility.	[70]
HAS	25	3D printing (SFFF)	Hydroxy apatite	Composite Scaffold Bone tissue	Enhanced mechanical properties	[79]
Amylomaize	80	Extrusion	Glycerol	Tissue engineering	Low tissue response of the host, due to degradation of amylomaize	[25]
Acetylated/hydroxypropylate HASs	-	Casting and blending	Ethylcellulose	Drug delivery	Potential sites specific for coating colon	[78]