Table 2.
Summary of PLLA-based scaffold materials and properties fabricated for specific TE applications.
| Application | Scaffold Material | Fabrication Technique | Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone tissue | PLLA/CNT/HA | TIPS | E = 12.5 MPa MP = 87% |
[63] |
| PLLA | TIPS+PL | MP = 97% | [97] | |
| PLGA/PLLA/PDLA | Electrospinning | E = 1.55 MPa TS = 2.04 Mpa |
[104] | |
| PLLA/PCL | TIPS | Degradation = 3 weeks | [93] | |
| PLLA/HA | Electrospinning | MP = <90% | [105,106] | |
| PLLA/HA | AM | E = 17.2–40.8 MPa MP = >90% Degradation = 24 weeks |
[121] | |
| PLLA/HA | TIPS | E = 3–5 MPa MP = >90% |
[98] | |
| PLLA/HA | PL | E = 0.4 MPa | [103] | |
| PLLA/HA | TIPS+PL | E = 37–56.2 KPa MP = 88–98 |
[96] | |
| PLLA/BG | TIPS | E = 6–8 MPa MP = 88.5% Degradation = 28 days |
[90] | |
| PLLA/BG | PL | E = 55–81 MPa TS = 2.7–4.2 MPa MP = 69–71% Degradation = 90 days |
[24] | |
| PLLA/PCL/HA | PL + freeze drying | E = 1–2 MPa TS = 0.2 MPa MP = 90% Degradation = 78 weeks |
[101] | |
| Cartilage tissue | PLLA/PCL | TIPS | E = 90–110 kPa MP = 93–95% |
[94] |
| PLLA | TIPS | MP = 93% | [84] | |
| PLLA/chitosan | Freeze-drying | TS = 0.3–0.5 MPa MP = 73–93% Degradation = 28 days |
[114] | |
| PLLA/SF | Electrospinning | TS = 1.5 MPa Degradation = 12 weeks |
[110] | |
| Blood vessels | PLLA/gelatin | Electrospinning | E = 6–20 MPa TS = 5–7 MPa MP = 73–75% Degradation = 7 days |
[85] |
| PLLA/PCL/collagen | Electrospinning | MP = 20–80% | [86] | |
| PLLA/chitosan/collagen | Electrospinning | TS = 2.13 MPa | [112] | |
| Skin tissue | PLLA/collagen | Freeze-drying | E = 43–55 MPa TS = 5 MPa |
[65] |
| PLLA/gelatin | Electrospinning | TS = 20 MPaMP = 72% | [22] | |
| PLLA/gelatin | Freeze-drying | E = 41–43 MPa TS = 5.7 MPa Degradation = 12 weeks |
[65] |
Abbreviations: TIPS = thermally induced phase separation; PL = porogen leaching; AM = additive manufacturing; E = Young’s modulus; TS = tensile strength; MP = mean porosity.