Table 5.

Studies involving distal tibial malunions.

Study	Patients (#)	Surgical Treatment	Outcomes
Kane and Raikin	16	Single-stage corrective osteotomy w/tibiotalocalcaneal nailing	VAS * pain scores improved from 8.3 to 2.8; AOFAS ** functional scores improved from 43 to 75; all deformities corrected to neutral alignment
Schoenleber and Hutson Jr.	5	Deformities corrected w/gradual opening wedge osteotomy w/lengthening when indicated	Lower-leg deformity equalized
Nehme et al.	1	Arthroscopy-assisted mobilization w/percutaneous fixation	Patient regained full physical activities; American foot and ankle score of 100

* Visual Analog Scare; ** American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Score.