Table 3.
Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts
| Plant name (common name) | Part | NPs | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. haussknechtii | Leaf | Ag, Cu, TiO2 |
Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 0.5–60 μg/mL: + Ag NPs: E. coli (14–36), S. aureus (8–12) + Cu NPs: E. coli (10–34), S. aureus (4–8), S. marcescens (4) + TiO2 NPs: not found |
(Alavi and Karimi 2017b) |
| A. marschalliana (Mugwort) | Aerial parts | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 100 μg/mL: S. aureus (0–15.50), P. aeruginosa (0–13,38), A. baumannii (0–11,45), B. cereus (0–8,66) | (Ardestani et al. 2016) |
| H. trichophylla | Flower | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 0–250 µg/mL: E. coli (9.1), P. aeruginosa (8.5), B. subtilis (8.2), S. aureus (10.2) | (Yazdi et al. 2019) |
| T. erecta (Marigold) | Flower | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 5–1280 μg/mL: E. coli (9–25.5), P. aeruginosa (13.5–31.5), S. aureus (9–38) | (Padalia et al. 2015) |
| C. tinctorius (Safflower) | Flower | Ag |
Bacterial removal percentage (%): + Ag–fabric treated at 40 °C: 98 + Ag–fabric treated at 80 ℃: 85 |
(Aboutorabi et al. 2018) |
| T. farfara (Coltsfoot) | Flower bud | Ag | Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) against: E. coli (10), E. faecalis (> 40), P. aeruginosa (10), S. aureus (40) | (Lee et al. 2019) |
| T. collinus (Goatsbeard) | Whole plant | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 6000–7000 µg/mL: S. aureus (2–10), E. coli (4–8) | (Seifipour et al. 2020) |
| A. tournefortiana | Whole plant | Ag | Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) against: S. pyogenes (0.39), B. subtilis (3.12), P. aeruginosa (12.5) | (Baghbani-Arani et al. 2017) |
| A. millefolium (Yarrow) | Whole plant | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 100 μg/mL: S. aureus (14.33), P. aeruginosa (13.67), E. coli (10.33), S. enterica (11.95), B. subtilis: (6.75) | (Yousaf et al. 2020) |
| S. quettense (Podlech) | Whole plant | Ag | Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) against: E. coli, K.pneumonia and B. subtilis (11.1–33.3) | (Qasim Nasar et al. 2019) |
| E. scaber (Elephant's foot) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (*) (mm) against: B. subtilis (14–16), L. lactis (21–24), P. fluorescens (18–23), P. aeruginosa (21–22), A. flavus (9–12), A. penicillioides (6–139) | (Francis et al. 2018) |
| W. chinensis (Sphagneticola calendulacea) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentration of 12.25–200 μg/mL: E. coli (17.2– 35.1), L. monocytogenes (11.9– 27.3) | (Paul Das et al. 2018) |
| X. strumerium (Rough cocklebur) | Leaf | Ag | Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) at concentrations of 1–100 ppm against: E. coli (35), S. aureus (40), P. aeruginosa (45) | (Mittal et al. 2017) |
| A. factorovskyi | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) against S. aureus (19), F. solani: (1.5) | (Al-Otibi et al. 2020) |
| A. annua (Sweet wormwood) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 5–20 µg/mL: E. coli (6–13), S. aureus (9–16.5), P. aeruginosa (8–16), S. epidermidis (10–19), B. subtilis (7.5–15) | (Khatoon et al. 2015) |
| K. grandiflora | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 10–100 µg/mL: P. aeruginosa (17), E. coli (22) | (Kanagamani et al. 2019) |
| T. officinale (Common dandelion) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 20 μg/mL: X. axonopodis (22), P. syringae (19.5) | (Saratale et al. 2018) |
| S. nodiflora (Nodeweed) | Leaf | Ag, Au |
Inhibition zone (mm) against bacteria: + Ag NPs: B. subtilis (9.1), Streptococcus spp. (8.8), Pseudomonas spp. (11), E. coli (14) + Au NPs: B. subtilis (7.5), Streptococcus spp. (6.9), Pseudomonas spp. (8.1), E. coli (9) |
(Vijayan et al. 2018) |
| T. procumbens (Coatbuttons) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) against bacteria: E. coli (15.33), S. aureus (15.33), P. aeruginosa (14.33) | (Rani et al. 2020) |
| A. hispidum (Bristly starbur) | Leaf | Ag | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 18–19 μg/mL: S. pyogenus (23 mm), E. coli (12 mm) | (Ghotekar et al. 2019) |
| A. hispidum (Bristly starbur) | Leaf | CuO | Percent inhibition (%) of M. tuberculosis: 99 | (Pansambal et al. 2017) |
| P. vulgaris (False fleabane) | Flower, leaf, stem | AgCl | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 20–40 µg/mL: 25–38 | (Sharifi-Rad and Pohl 2020) |
| A. scoparia (Virgate wormwood) | Aerial part | Au, Ag, Cu, Au–Ag, Au–Cu, Ag–Cu |
The minimum inhibitory concentration /minimum bactericidal concentration values (μM): + AuNPs: E. coli (> 500/ > 500), S. epidermis (> 500/500) + AgNPs: E. coli (15.6/31.2), S. epidermis (31.2/125) + CuNPs: E. coli (250/500), S. epidermis (> 500/ > 500) + Au–AgNPs: E. coli (7.8/31.2), S. epidermis (7.8/62.5) + Au–CuNPs: E. coli (> 500/ > 500), S. epidermis (> 500/ > 500) + Ag–CuNPs: E. coli (31.2/125), S. epidermis (31.2/62.5) |
(Shankar et al. 2016) |
| S. marianum (Blessed thistle) | Whole plant | ZnO, Ag–ZnO |
Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) against bacteria: + ZnO NPs: B. subtilis (50), S. epidermis (250), P. aeruginosa (250), K. pneumonia (150), E. coli (100) + Ag–ZnO NPs: B. subtilis (50), S. epidermis (150), P. aeruginosa (150), K. pneumonia (250), E. coli (150) |
(Hameed et al. 2019) |
| S. altissima (Late goldenrod) | Leaf | Ag | The optical density values at 600 nm (OD600) at 5–20 μg/mL against E. coli and B. subtilis were 0.1 and 9, respectively | (Kumar et al. 2016) |
| O. genistifolia (Klein perdekaroo) | Leaf | Ag/AgCl | Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) against: L. ivanovic (1), E. cloacae (0.5), S. uberis (0.5), S. aureus (0.5), M. smergatis (0.25), Vibrio spp. (0.25) | (Okaiyeto et al. 2019) |
| V. amygdalina (Bitter leaf) | Leaf | Zn1-xCuxO | Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) against S. aureus and E. coli (10–2.5), P. aeruginosa (5) | (Okeke et al. 2020) |
| B. eriantha (Blumea) | Whole plant | Ag, Fe |
Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 0.5–60 μg/mL: + Ag NPs: B. cereus (35.2), B. subtilis (30.12), S. aureus (20.17), E. Coli (25.24) + Fe NPs: B. cereus (24.12), B. subtilis (26.45), S. aureus (17.06), E. Coli (11.55) |
(Chavan et al. 2020) |
| A. annua (Sweet wormwood) | Stem bark | ZnO | Inhibition zone (mm) at concentration of 20–80 μg/mL: E. coli (8.6–11.3), S. typhi (7.6–12.3), S. aureus (7.4–22.3), V. cholerae (7.9–22.1) | (Wang et al. 2020) |
| C. benedicti (Blessed thistle) | Whole plant | Au– CuO, CuO– ZnO |
Minimum inhibition concentration (%) against bacteria: + CuO–ZnO NPs: S. aureus (0.3125), P. aeruginosa (2.5), E. coli (0.625), C. albicans (1.25) + Au–CuO NPs: S. aureus (2.5), P. aeruginosa (2.5), E. coli (1.25), C. albicans (2.5) |
(Dobrucka et al. 2019) |
| E. prostrata (False daisy) | Leaf | Au | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 25 µg/mL: E. coli (24), S. aureus (16), B. substilis (12) | (Rajakumar et al. 2016) |
| S. costus (Putchuk) | Root | MgO | Inhibition zone (mm) at the concentrations of 5–1280 μg/mL: E. coli (15 mm), P. aeruginosa (16 mm), S. aureus (14 mm), B. subtilis (10 mm) | (Alavi and Karimi 2017a) |
| C. scolymus (Globe artichoke) | Leaf | ZnO | Minimum inhibition concentration (µg/mL) against: S. aureus (> 0.7), E.coli (25), P. aeruginosa (> 100) | (Rajapriya et al. 2020) |