Fig. 5. Viability of ZFE in the presence of ultrasound.

To demonstrate the viability of the acoustic actuation on cardiac function, untreated ZFEs were placed into the acoustic channel and exposed to acoustic excitation across a range of voltages in pulses of 30 s with a subsequent recovery time of 1 min. Up to a voltage of 17.5 V_PP, fibrillation was reversible and did not impair ZFE viability. The error bar represents the SD for a minimum of five data points.