Table 3.

Impoverishing effects of health payments by expenditure quintile, household location (urban/rural), region, health facility and health service utilized based on the national poverty line

Variable	Poverty head count (%)			Difference	Normalized poverty gap (%)		Difference
	Pre		Post	Absolute	Pre	Post	Absolute
Expenditure quintile
Lower	90.65		92.78	2.13	29.57	30.86	1.29
Higher	0.00		0.89	0.89	0.00	0.09	0.09
Household location
Urban	17.71		18.28	0.57	4.52	4.70	0.18
Rural	59.45		61.28	1.83	19.69	20.60	0.91
Region
Northern	49.51		51.09	1.58	15.10	15.64	0.54
Central	47.50		49.57	2.07	14.38	15.33	0.95
Southern	56.03		57.14	1.11	19.62	20.27	0.65
Health facility
Government	51.24		52.86	1.62	16.59	17.33	0.75
Religious	58.67		60.50	1.83	20.24	21.31	1.07
Private	39.40		39.50	0.10	12.36	12.78	0.41
Service utilized
Out patient	26.43		33.94	7.51	6.55	9.48	2.92
Inpatient	48.89		52.68	3.79	14.89	16.81	1.92
Sex of household head
Male	49.32		50.84	1.52	15.76	16.53	0.77
Female	58.24		60.06	1.82	19.99	20.79	0.80

MWK is Malawi Kwacha. National poverty line (2016/17) was MWK137, 425 per person per year. Poverty head count ratio and normalized poverty gap are given in percentages