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. 2022 Mar 25;12:5176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08987-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The phenotype of resident LYVE-1⁺ macrophages in dental pulp tissue of rats (8 weeks old). (A) Immunofluorescence staining of LYVE-1 in rat molar sections. Arrows: LYVE-1⁺ macrophages. (B,C). Double immunofluorescence staining of LYVE-1 (green) and endothelial cells marker CD146 (red) in rat molar sections. Arrows: LYVE-1⁺ macrophages; arrowheads: blood vessels. (D) Double immunofluorescence staining of LYVE-1 (green) and pan-macrophage marker CD68 (red) in rat molar sections. Arrows: LYVE-1⁺CD68⁺ macrophages; arrowheads: LYVE-1^-CD68⁺ macrophages. (E) Double immunofluorescence staining of LYVE-1 (green) and M2 macrophage marker CD163 (red) in rat molar sections. Arrows: LYVE-1⁺CD163⁺; arrowheads: LYVE-1⁻CD163⁺ macrophages. (F) Double immunofluorescence stained of LYVE-1 (green) and antigen-presenting cell marker MHC-II (red) in rat molar sections. Arrows: LYVE-1⁺MHC-II⁻ macrophages; arrowheads: LYVE-1^-MHC-II⁺ macrophages. (G–J). Percentages of macrophage subsets by cell counting (mean ± SD; n = 10). Images are representative of at least 3–4 different samples for each examined condition. d dentin, od odontoblast layer, p dental pulp. Scale bar 200 µm (A) and 50 µm (B–F).