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. 2022 Mar 25;13:1603. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29226-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Single-cell interferon gamma (IFN-γ) ex vivo production by fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naive (n = 17) and semi-immune (n = 18) volunteers collected before immunization (0, 2, 6 months) and CHMI (month 9). Values are expressed as mean of IFN-γ (spot-forming cells) sfc/log10⁶ in response to 40 h of in vitro stimulation with each PvCS protein fragment (N, R, C). Cells produced IFN-γ upon stimulation with the different fragments in an unstable manner throughout the study phases but with significant differences between naive and semi-immune volunteers (N, p = 0.046; R, p = 0.0013; C, p = 0.005. Only peptides N (p = 0.0188) and R (p = 0.0060) displayed significant differentes between first and third immunization. Neither naive (N, p = 0.67; C, p = 0.94; R, p = 0.15) nor the semi-immune (N, p = 0.76; C, p = 0.71; R, p = 0.48) IFN-γ levels were associated with parasitemia. Red symbols denote sterilely protected volunteers. Source data are provided as a Source data file.