Fig. 4.

Embryonic development. a Positive vaginal plug proportion (n = 11 males per group). b Number of one or two-cell embryos. (n = 11 males per group, 4–12 embryos from each). c Percentage of two cell embryos that reached the blastocyst stage (n = 9 males per group, 4–12 embryos from each). d Median of outgrowing trophoblast (TB) area per female (n = 11 males per group, 4–12 embryos from each). e Representative images of outgrowing embryos with type A (a´) or B (b´-d´) inner cell mass (ICM)/TB. Arrows indicate asymmetric and scarce trophoblast outgrowth, and arrow heads indicate an ICM with few scattered (b´), absent (c´) or disaggregated (d´) cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. f Proportion of embryos with type B TB and ICM morphologies (control, n = 4 males; treated, n = 6 males, 4–12 embryos from each). Number of pups (g) and males and females (h) per litter, all in control and treated groups. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test (n = 6 litter per group). Original magnification of images: 400 × . **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001