Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population by Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status.
| Characteristic | No./total No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Neighborhood-level SES | ||
| Low and intermediatea | Highb | ||
| Total participants, No. | 4656 | 1968 | 2688 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 56.1 (7.2) | 56.6 (7.2) | 55.7 (7.2) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 3445/4656 (74.0) | 1480/1968 (75.2) | 1964/2688 (73.1) |
| Male | 1211/4656 (26.0) | 488/1968 (24.8) | 724/2688 (26.9) |
| Race | |||
| African | 6/4656 (0.1) | 2/1968 (0.1) | 4/2688 (0.1) |
| Asian | 121/4656 (2.6) | 40/1968 (2.0) | 81/2688 (3.0) |
| Indigenous Australian | 57/4656 (1.2) | 24/1968 (1.2) | 33/2688 (1.2) |
| Latin American | 24/4656 (0.5) | 8/1968 (0.4) | 16/2688 (0.6) |
| Pacific Islander | 9/4656 (0.2) | 2/1968 (0.1) | 7/2688 (0.3) |
| White or European | 3671/4656 (78.8) | 1518/1968 (77.1) | 2154/2688 (80.1) |
| Otherc | 768/4656 (16.5) | 375/1968 (19.1) | 393/2688 (14.6) |
| Years of education, mean (SD), y | 15.9 (3.5) | 15.3 (3.5) | 16.4 (3.4) |
| Income leveld | |||
| Higher | 2772/4506 (61.5) | 1064/1914 (55.6) | 1708/2592 (65.9) |
| Lower | 1734/4506 (38.5) | 850/1914 (44.4) | 884/2592 (34.1) |
| Current smoker | 108/3821 (2.8) | 58/1628 (3.6) | 50/2193 (2.3) |
| BMI | |||
| Median (IQR) | 26.0 (6.4) | 26.6 (7.3) | 25.4 (6.0) |
| Obese (≥30) | 863/3821 (22.6) | 451/1628 (27.7) | 412/2193 (18.8) |
| Diabetes | 127/3821 (3.3) | 60/1628 (3.7) | 67/2193 (3.1) |
| Hypertension | 748/3821 (19.6) | 361/1628 (22.2) | 388/2193 (17.7) |
| High cholesterol | 679/3821 (17.8) | 291/1628 (17.9) | 388/2193 (17.7) |
| Rurality | |||
| Urban | 3393/4656 (72.9) | 1000/1968 (50.8) | 2393/2688 (89.0) |
| Rural or regional | 1263/4656 (27.1) | 968/1968 (49.2) | 295/2688 (11.0) |
| PSS score >27e | 38/4143 (0.9) | 16/1753 (0.9) | 22/2390 (0.9) |
| RAND SF-36 health-related QoL score, mean (SD)f | 72.7 (19.6) | 70.9 (20.2) | 74.1 (19.1) |
| HADS score, mean (SD)g | |||
| Depression | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.4 (3.0) | 3.2 (2.9) |
| Anxiety | 3.9 (3.4) | 4.0 (3.5) | 3.9 (3.3) |
| CAIDE score, mean (SD)h | |||
| Originali | 5.0 (2.3) | 5.3 (2.3) | 4.8 (2.3) |
| Modifiedj | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.6) |
| AUSEI06 score, mean (SD) | 66.3 (19.4) | 63.4 (20.7) | 68.4 (18.2) |
Abbreviations: AUSEI06, Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CAIDE, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; QoL, quality of life; RAND SF-36, RAND 36-Item Short Form Survey; SES, socioeconomic status.
Low and intermediate neighborhood-level SES defined as Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage deciles 1 to 7.
High neighborhood-level SES defined as Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage deciles 8 to 10.
Other races were not specified.
Higher income was defined as equal to or higher than the Australian median income of $51 389. Lower income was defined as lower than the Australian median income of $51 389.37
Score range, 0 to 40 points, with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress levels.
Score range, 0 to 100 points, with higher scores indicating more favorable state of health. Samples for the RAND SF-36 comprised 1240 participants overall, 524 participants with low or intermediate income, and 716 participants with high income.
Score range, 0 to 21 points for each subscale (anxiety or depression), with subscale scores greater than 8 points indicating anxiety or depression. Samples for the HADS comprised 4225 participants overall, 1792 participants with low or intermediate income, and 2433 participants with high income.
Samples for the CAIDE comprised 3235 participants overall, 1371 participants with low or intermediate income, and 1864 participants with high income.
Score range, 0 to 15 points, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of dementia.
Score range, 0-7 points, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of dementia. Calculated using physical activity, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, and BMI only.