Table 5.
Enablers and barriers related to technical aspects or regarding innovation itself for scaling up digital health innovations identified in the workshop and aligned with prior work.
| Category | Enabler | Barrier |
| Information qualitya | Open source (source code of the digital innovations is made available for possible use, modification, and redistribution) Continuous clinical validation of digital innovations Information disclosure (the degree to what sensitive information is properly protected by the digital innovation) Evidence-based intervention components (components such as techniques, methods, and means to change behaviors or outcomes are based on empirical evidence) Access to patient data, software, etc (digital innovations need data from patients, access to software to be developed and validated on a larger scale) |
—b |
| Usability of technologyc | — | Lack of ease of use (digital innovation is burdensome) Complexity is too high (digital innovation targets too many outcomes or behaviors or is poorly designed) No user-centered design |
| Integrationc | Integration in existing workflows (digital health innovations can be integrated into existing systems for prevention or treatment) | Integration issues (digital innovations cannot or are difficult to integrate into existing systems or workflows) |
| Interoperabilityc | Complemented and extended health care service delivery and research (does not compete with or disrupt workflow) Early steps on interoperability (digital innovations can exchange and use information and data from other sources) |
Incompatibility of existing processes and innovation (digital innovations do not solve a problem in the current health care setting and cannot be used in other settings) Closed systems/missing interoperability (digital innovations are limited or cannot exchange and use information and data from other sources) |
| Business modeld | Appropriate incentives (momentary or other compensations for participation in programs or using digital innovations) Financially viable business model (the degree to which digital innovations can cover costs and potentially generate revenue) Business model in mind at an early stage (of developing the digital health innovation) Providing added value (the degree to which the digital innovation can address the needs or ease the pains of users) |
No suitable business model for preventive interventions Missing value proposition for patients (digital innovation does not solve or facilitate a problem or need of the patients) |
| Standardsc | Alignment to existing standards (digital health innovation was developed by taking existing standards or guidelines into consideration) Usage of existing infrastructure (digital innovations are designed to use existing resources or incorporate relevant health care professionals) Utilization of existing organizations (patient organizations or research institutions are consulted when the digital innovation is designed) |
— |
| Innovation processd | Minimum viable product and small iterations (small but working prototypes to be evaluated in continuous evaluation by users, health care providers, and health care professionals alike) Adoption, iteration, refinement, and removal of elements that do not add value Modularization regarding upscaling (further modules that extend the digital health innovation are developed and released) Flexibility in the innovation process (adjustment to findings from research and the design process are integrated) User-centered design and evaluation at every stage |
Unclear/not defined process to innovate (iteration of different stages of the digital health innovation or digital health innovations, in general, is not planned) |
| Interdisciplinary cocreationd |
Patient inclusion (patients are integrated into each step when designing and evaluating the digital health innovation) | Missing broad stakeholder engagement (focusing on only one group) |