TABLE 3.

Cardiovascular effects associated with COVID-19 Treatment Modalities

Drug	Mechanism of action in COVID	CV Adverse Effects
Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine	Interference in endocytic pathway Prevention of cytokine storm Prevention of pH-mediated spike protein cleavage at ACE-2R	QT-prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest
Remdesivir	Inhibition of viral replication, increased clearance	QTc-prolongation, bradycardia, heart block
Dexamethasone	Glucocorticoid-mediated anti-inflammatory effects	Heart failure exacerbation, arrythmias, electrolyte imbalance
Tocilizumab	Anti-inflammatory via IL-6 inhibition	QTc-prolongation
Baricitinib	Anti-inflammatory via JAK pathway inhibition	Arterial and venous thromboembolism
Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Anti-inflammatory via protease inhibition	Hypertension, cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition
Molnuparivir	Direct-acting antiviral	Minimal
mRNA vaccines	mRNA encoding for viral spike protein	Myocarditis, pericarditis, POTS

CV, Cardiovascular; ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme; RNA, Ribonucleic acid; POTS, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.