Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Author year | Country | Total sample size (male/female) | Educational attainment (primary/high) | Marital status (married/unmarried) | Outcomes | Follow-up time (month) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balser 1997 | German | 76 (18/58) | NA | NA | Pain intensity, disability1 | 3 |
| Beth 2021 | USA | 263 (130/131) | 6/257 | 160/103 | VAS, PESQ | 3 |
| Buhrman 2004 | Sweden | 51 (19/32) | 24/32 | NA | Pain diary | 3 |
| Carpenter 2012 | USA | 131 (22/109) | 60/71 | NA | Pain intensity, RMD, FABQ, self-efficacy scale | |
| Cherkin 2016 | USA | 341 (224/117) | 26/3155 | 249/92 | Characteristic pain intensity, RDQ (modified) | 6, 12 |
| Christiansen 2010 | German | 60 (23/37) | 48/12 | 36/24 | ADL, NRS | 3 |
| Godfrey 2020 | UK | 219 (89/130) | 111/134 | 127/92 | NRS, RMD, PESQ | 12 |
| Gould 2020 | USA | 67 (60/7) | NA | NA | Pain intensity2, RMDQ | |
| Harris 2017 | Norway | 147 (73/74) | 87/60 | 102/45 | ODI, FABQ | |
| Ivar brox 2003 | Norway | 61 (25/36) | NA | 54/7 | ODI, FABQ, VAS | |
| Johnson 2007 | UK | 234 (94/140) | NA | 171/63 | VAS, RMDQ | 3, 9, 15 |
| Khan 2014 | Pakistan | 54 (25/29) | NA | NA | VAS, RMDQ | |
| Monticone 2013 | Italy | 90 (38/52) | 82/8 | 60/30 | NRS, RMD, TSK | |
| Newton 1995 | Australia | 44 (NA) | NA | NA | Pain diary, PDI | |
| Petrozzi 2019 | Australia | 106 (52/54) | NA | NA | PSEQ, RMDQ, NRS | 6, 12 |
| Pincus 2015 | UK | 99 (35/64) | NA | NA | RMDQ, NRS | 6 |
| Reme 2016 | Norway | 308 (140/168) | 190/88 | 215/93 | ODI | 6, 12 |
| Rutledge 2018a | US | 61 (55/6) | 25/36 | 40/21 | RMDQ, NRS | |
| Rutledge 2018b | US | 66 (41/25) | 10/56 | 40/26 | RMDQ, NRS | |
| Schweikert 2006 | Germany | 363 (339/24) | NA | NA | Pain, Disability3 | 6 |
| Smeets 2006 | Netherlands | 162 (80/82) | 104/58 | NA | VAS, RDQ | |
| Turner 2016 | USA | 341 (224/171) | 26/315 | 249/92 | PESQ | 6, 12 |
NA: not answer; DDS: Du¨sseldorf disability scale; HCS: Heidelberg coping scale; 1pain diary, 2descriptor differential scale (higher scores indicating higher pain intensity); 3pain (German school grades). Disability: Hannover functional questionnaire. Primary educational attainment, ≤12 years education. High educational attainment, college or higher educational experience.