Table 3.
Grade of evidence and effect estimates.
| Analyses | No of studies and participants | Effect estimates (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| Pain | ||||
| After intervention | 2169 (15 studies) | −0.32 (−0.57 to –0.06) | 87 | Low1,2 |
| 3 months follow-up | 524 (4 studies) | 0.17 (−0.53 to 0.19) | 71 | Low1,2 |
| 6 months follow-up | 757 (3 studies) | −0.1 (−0.25 to 0.05) | 0 | High3 |
| 12 months follow-up | 1037 (5 studies) | −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.01) | 54 | Low1,2 |
| Disability | ||||
| After intervention | 2237 (16 studies) | −0.44 (−0.71 to −0.17) | 89 | Low1,2 |
| 3 months follow-up | 294 (2 studies) | −0.19 (−0.42 to 0.04) | 80 | Very low1,2,3 |
| 6 months follow-up | 757 (3 studies) | −0.11 (−0.31 to 0.09) | 43 | High |
| 12 months follow-up | 1184 (6 studies) | −0.52 (−1.38 to 0.34) | 11 | Moderate1 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Fear avoidance | 505 (5 studies) | −1.24 (−2.25 to −0.23) | 96 | Low1,2 |
| Self-efficacy | 1060 (5 studies) | 0.27 (0.15 to 0.40) | 74 | Moderate1 |
| Subgroups analyses | ||||
| Pain | ||||
| CBT vs. WL/UC | 367 (5 studies) | −0.05 (−0.35 to 0.26) | 45 | Low1,3 |
| CBT vs. AT | 667 (4 studies) | −0.03 (−0.51 to 0.46) | 88 | Moderate2 |
| Concurrent CBT | 1035 (8 studies) | −0.67 (−1.21 to −0.13) | 94 | low1,2 |
| Disability | ||||
| CBT vs. WL/UC | 564 (6 studies) | −0.34 (−0.56 to −0.12) | 37 | Moderate1 |
| CBT vs. AT | 400 (4 studies) | −0.03 (−0.23 to 0.18) | 1 | Moderate1 |
| Concurrent CBT | 1243 (9 studies) (9 studies) | −0.81 (−1.35 to −0.27) | 95 | Moderate2 |
GRADE interpretation: 1>50% of subjects came from studies with a performance bias; 2the heterogeneity was large (I2 >50%, representing potentially substantial heterogeneity); 3the total population size is less than 400 or there is only one study.