Table 3.
Association between glycemic status and physical function: results from multivariate linear mixed models
| Grip Strength | Gait speed | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Coefficient (95% CI) | p-value |
| Age, years | -0.129 (−0.166, −0.093) | <0.001 | -0.003 (−0.003, −0.002) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic status | ||||
| Normal | Ref | Ref | ||
| IFG | −0.144 (−0.429, 0.140) | 0.321 | −0.004 (−0.012, 0.003) | 0.230 |
| Controlled DM | −0.560 (−1.096, −0.024) | 0.040 | −0.018 (−0.032, −0.005) | 0.007 |
| Uncontrolled DM | −0.937 (−1.684, −0.190) | 0.014 | −0.007 (−0.026, 0.011) | 0.437 |
| HIV infection | 0.483 (−0.269, 1.235) | 0.208 | −0.002 (−0.016, 0.012) | 0.773 |
| BMI (class) | ||||
| Underweight/normal | ref | ref | ||
| Overweight | 0.720 (0.334, 1.105) | <0.001 | −0.008 (−0.017, 0.001) | 0.085 |
| Obese | 0.944 (0.406, 1.483) | 0.001 | −0.026 (−0.038, −0.013) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | ref | ref | ||
| Black | −0.975 (−2.003, 0.053) | 0.063 | −0.047 (−0.067, −0.028) | <0.001 |
| Other | −2.935 (−4.484, −1.386) | <0.001 | −0.006 (−0.035, 0.023) | 0.684 |
| College education | 0.243 (−0.347, 0.832) | 0.419 | 0.024 (0.011, 0.036) | <0.001 |
| Center | ||||
| Baltimore | ref | ref | ||
| Chicago | 0.331 (−0.752, 1.414) | 0.549 | −0.053 (−0.073, −0.033) | <0.001 |
| Pittsburgh | 0.925 (−0.081, 1.932) | 0.072 | −0.055 (−0.073, −0.036) | <0.001 |
| Los Angeles | −0.932 (−1.968, 0.104) | 0.078 | −0.063 (−0.082, −0.044) | <0.001 |
| Cohort | ||||
| 1984 | ref | ref | ||
| 1987 | 1.154 (−0.582, 2.890) | 0.193 | −0.005 (−0.037, 0.027) | 0.775 |
| 2001 | 2.019 (0.916, 3.122) | <0.001 | 0.017 (−0.003, 0.038) | 0.101 |
| 2010 | 1.370 (−0.219, 2.958) | 0.091 | −0.010 (−0.041, 0.020) | 0.505 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | ref | ref | ||
| Former | −0.768 (−1.578, 0.042) | 0.063 | −0.025 (−0.040, −0.010) | 0.001 |
| Current | −1.050 (−1.930, −0.169) | 0.019 | −0.041 (−0.058, −0.024) | <0.001 |
| History of cocaine use | 0.421 (−0.297, 1.139) | 0.251 | 0.009 (−0.005, 0.024) | 0.194 |
| History of marijuana use | 0.528 (−0.231, 1.286) | 0.173 | 0.014 (−0.001, 0.030) | 0.074 |
| Alcohol use status | ||||
| None | ref | ref | ||
| Low-moderate | 0.121 (−0.318, 0.560) | 0.589 | 0.012 (0.001, 0.022) | 0.033 |
| Moderate-binge | 0.074 (−0.454, 0.602) | 0.784 | 0.009 (−0.004, 0.022) | 0.161 |
| Liver disease | −0.648 (−2.217, 0.921) | 0.418 | −0.028 (−0.062, 0.006) | 0.104 |
| Kidney disease | −0.345 (−0.721, 0.034) | 0.075 | −0.012 (−0.022, −0.003) | 0.010 |
| Hypertension | 0.177 (−0.134, 0.489) | 0.265 | −0.001 (−0.009, 0.007) | 0.813 |
| Arthritis | −0.702 (−1.372, −0.032) | 0.040 | −0.003 (−0.020, 0.014) | 0.745 |
| Depression (CESD⩾16) | −0.388 (−0.705, −0.072) | 0.016 | −0.020 (−0.027, −0.012) | <0.001 |
| Testosterone use | 0.379 (−0.235, 0.994) | 0.226 | −0.005 (−0.019, 0.010) | 0.520 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 0.782 (−1.573, 3.137) | 0.515 | −0.034 (−0.079, 0.010) | 0.129 |
| Hepatitis C infection | −2.297 (−3.773, −0.820) | 0.002 | −0.028 (−0.057, 0.002) | 0.063 |