Table 1.

Cases of suspected AIH triggered by the vaccine reported in the literature.

Reference	Vaccine	Patient's characteristics				Clinical presentation and laboratory data	Therapy	Outcome
		Age, gender	Autoimmune comorbidities	Previous COVID-19 infection	Other comorbidities
Avci & Abasiyanik [15]	mRNAPfizer/BioNTech,1 month before	61, F	Hashimoto thyroiditis	Yes, mild, 8 months before	Hypertension	Acute icteric ANA, ASMA, hyper-IgG, fibrosis F2,	Prednisolone + azathioprine add-on	35 days follow-up, mild transaminases and bilirubin
Bril et al. [16]	mRNAPfizer/BioNTech,7 days before	35, F	Not reported	No	Gestational hypertension and cesarian section 3 months before	Acute icteric, normal IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisone 20 mg/day	50 days follow-up, transaminases normalization
Cao et al. [17]	Inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV2 (Coronavac)	57, F	Not reported	No	Not reported	Acute icteric, pruritus IgG slight elevation, ANA+, Fibrosis F2	Methylprednisolone, UDCA + azathioprine add-on	5 months follow-up, no relapse
Clayton-Chubb et al. [23]	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 26 days before	36, M	No	No	Hypertension, laser eye surgery 2 weeks before	Acute, sub-icteric, asymptomatic, ANA+, normal IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisolone 60 mg/day	24 days, normalization of bilirubin, marked reduction of ALT
Garrido et al. [24]	mRNA Moderna, 2 weeks before	65, F	No	No	Polycythemia vera under PEG-IFN	Acute icteric severe, ANA, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisolone 60 mg/day	1 month, improvement of LFTs and IgG normalization
Ghielmetti et al. [25]	mRNA-1273, 7 days before	63, M	No	No, unknown but anti-cardiolipin+	Type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease	Acute icteric, hyper-IgG, ANA+, AMA+ (different from PBC) APCA+, no fibrosis	Prednisone 40 mg/day, rapidly tapered	14 days follow-up
Goulas et al. [26]	mRNA Moderna, 2 weeks before	52, F	No	No		Acute icteric, ANA+, ASMA+, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis reported	Prednisolone 50 mg/day, azathioprine add-on	Unknown
Londono et al. [27]	mRNA Moderna, 7 days after the II dose	41, F	Not reported	No	Hormonal therapy for premature ovarian failure	Acute icteric, ANA, ASMA, anti-SLA/LC+, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisone 1 mg/Kg	Normalization of LFTs
Palla et al. [28]	mRNAPfizer/BioNTech 1 month after II dose	40, F			Sarcoidosis	Transaminases 3–4 x ULN fluctuation, ANA+, hyper-IgG, active hepatitis, fibrosis with septa	Prednisolone 40 mg/day	Transaminases decline after 7 days of prednisolone
Rela et al. [29]	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 20 days before	38, F	No (hypothyroidism?)	No	Hypothyroidism	Acute icteric, ANA+, IgG mildly elevated, multiacinar hepatic necrosis, no fibrosis	Prednisolone 30 mg/day and tapering after 4 weeks	1 month of follow-up normal LFTs
	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 16 days before	62, M			2 episodes of jaundice resolved with native medication	Acute severe AIH, autoantibodies negative, mild fibrosis	Prednisolone 30 mg/day + plasma exchange 5 cycles	Persistent cholestasis → death in 21 days for economic constraints regarding liver transplantation
Rocco et al. [30]	Pfizer/BioNTech 1 week before (II dose)	89, F	Hashimoto thyroiditis	No	Previous acute glomerulonephritis, pravastatin and low-dose aspirin for primary prevention	Acute icteric, ANA+, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisone 1 mg/Kg/day and tapering	3 months of follow-up, progressive improvement
Tan et al. [31]	mRNA Moderna, 6 weeks before	56, F	Not reported	No	Rosuvastatin	Acute icteric, ANA+, ASMA+, hyper-IgG, also eosinophil, early fibrosis	Budesonide	1 week of follow-up
Tun et al. [32]	mRNA Moderna, 3 days before (I dose) and 2 days before (II dose)	47, M	Not reported	No	Not reported	Acute icteric, ANA+ hyper-IgG, rapidly resolved and then reappeared 2 days after the II dose, minimal fibrosis	Prednisolone 40 mg/day	2 weeks of follow-up PT normalized
Vuille-Lessard et al. [33]	mRNA Moderna, 3 days before	76, F	Hashimoto thyroiditis	Yes, 3 months before (mild disease)	Prior urothelial carcinoma	Acute icteric, hyper-IgG, ANA+, ASMA+, ANCA+, steatosis, active AIH, fibrosis not evaluable	Prednisolone 40 mg/day + azathioprine add-on 2 weeks after	4 months follow-up: LFTs normalization after 4 weeks, stop azathioprine and 6 weeks after no relapse
Suzuki Y et al. [34]	mRNA Pfizer/BioNTech 10 days before (II dose)	80, F	Not reported	Not reported	Gastroesophageal reflux esophagitis	Acute icteric, ANA+, hyper-IgG	Prednisone at an initial dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day, then tapered to 10 mg/week	50 days of follow-up: transaminases normalization
	mRNA Pfizer/BioNTech 4 days before (II dose)	75, F	Not reported	Not reported	Dyslipidemia	Acute icteric, ANA+, AMA +, hyper-IgG	Prednisone at an initial dose of 1 mg/kg/day, then tapered to 10 mg/week	105 days of follow-up: transaminases normalization
	mRNA Pfizer/BioNTech 7 days before (I dose)	78, F	Primary biliary cholangitis	Not reported	No	Acute, ANA+, AMA+, hyper IgG	Prednisone at an initial dose of 0.6 mg/kg/day, then tapered to 10 mg/week	103 days of follow-up: transaminases normalization
Torrente et al. [35]	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 3 weeks before	49, F	Hypothyroidism (?), ANA+	No	Hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine	Acute AIH, ANA+, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis	Prednisone 30 mg/day then tapering and azathioprine add-on	Transaminases decrease after 2 weeks
Rigamonti C et al. [36]	mRNAPfizer/BioNTech, 7 patientsmRNA Moderna, 2 patientsChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca),3 patients	median age 62 years (range 32–80)6 F, 6 M	3 thyroiditis,2 rheumatoid arthritis,1 systemic lupus erythematosus			10 acute onset,8 jaundice,8 positive autoantibodies (6 ANA, 1 SMA, 1 LKM-1)	Prednisone / prednisolone +/- azathioprine	median follow-up 3 months: 58% complete biochemical response
Efe C et al. [37]	mRNAPfizer/BioNTech, 1 patient	53, M	None	Not reported	None	Acute icteric hepatitis, no ANA, hyper-IgG, no fibrosis	prednisolone (40 mg/day) and plasma exchange	Liver transplantation