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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2021 Apr 18;148:106562. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106562

Table 2.

Effects of warning topic and warning design on study outcomes, n=1,078.

Perceived message effectiveness Thinking about the harms of sugary drinks for child Perceived healthfulness of sugary drinks for child Intentions to purchase sugary drinks for child
ADE SE   p ADE SE   p ADE   SE   p ADE   SE   p
Warning topic
 Control (reference)
 Added sugar   1.84 0.09 <0.001   1.42 0.10 <0.001   −0.33 0.11   0.003   −0.42 0.11 <0.001
 Heart damage   1.77 0.09 <0.001   1.29 0.10 <0.001   −0.14 0.11   0.196   −0.35 0.11   0.001
 Type 2 diabetes   1.77 0.09 <0.001   1.34 0.10 <0.001   −0.21 0.11   0.059   −0.47 0.11 <0.001
 Weight gain   1.81 0.09 <0.001   1.38 0.10 <0.001   −0.12 0.11   0.274   −0.35 0.11   0.001
Warning design
 Text (reference)
 Icon   0.18 0.03 <0.001   0.16 0.03 <0.001   −0.10 0.03 <0.001   −0.11 0.02 <0.001
 Graphic 0.30a 0.03 <0.001 0.35a 0.03 <0.001 −0.18a 0.03 <0.001 −0.16a 0.02 <0.001

Note. ADE=average differential effect from mixed effects linear regression models. SE=standard error. Excluding littering (control), Nutrient and health warning topics (i.e., added sugar, heart damage, type 2 diabetes, and weight gain not different from each other for any outcome.

a

Graphic different from icon at p<.05 level.