Table 1.

Prospective trials in neoadjuvant immuno(chemo)therapy.

Trial	Stage	Neoadjuvant treatment	Duration (cycles)	n	Resected	MPR (%)	cPR (%)
Phase II
CheckMate-1596,7	I-IIIA	Nivolumab	2	22	20	45	15
LCMC3 8	IB-IIIB	Atezolizumab	2	93	82	18	5
IONESCO 9	IB-IIB	Durvalumab	3 biweekly	50	43 a	19	7
NEOMUN 10	II-IIIA	Pembrolizumab	2	15	15	27	18
Reuss 11	IB-IIIA	Ipilimumab and nivolumab	3 biweekly	9	6 b	NA	33
NEOSTAR 12	I-IIIA	Ipilimumab and nivolumab versus nivolumab	3 biweekly	44	34	29 versus 17	19 versus 9
Shu 13	IB-IIIA	Atezolizumab, carboplatin, and nab-paclitaxel	4	30	29	57	33
NADIM14,15		Nivolumab, carboplatin, and paclitaxel	3	46	41	80	63
Phase III:
CheckMate-81616,17	IB-IIIA	Platinum-doublet and nivolumab versus platinum-doublet	3	2 × 158	149 versus 135	36.9 versus 8.9%	24.2% versus 2.2%

MPR, major pathological response.

^aEarly termination because of five post-operative deaths.

^bTerminated early due to toxicity.