Table 2.
Comparison of various factors between RA patients with dysglycaemia and normoglycaemia.
| Factors | Dysglycaemia, n = 55 (n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR)) a | Normoglycaemia, n = 100 (n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR)) a | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 57.15 ± 8.66 | 57.20 ± 7.83 | 0.99 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 45 (81.8) | 91 (91) | 0.1 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Malay | 22 (40.0) | 37 (37.0) | 0.56 |
| Chinese | 21 (38.2) | 40 (40.0) | |
| Indian | 11 (20.0) | 23 (23.0) | |
| Others | 1 (1.8) | 0 | |
| Employment, n (%) | |||
| Employed | 13 (24.5) | 28 (28.9) | 0.29 |
| Unemployed | 18 (34.0) | 41 (42.3) | |
| Retired | 22 (41.5) | 28 (28.9) | |
| Educational status | |||
| Primary school and below | 9 (18.0) | 22 (24.4) | 0.36 |
| Secondary school | 32 (64.0) | 50 (55.6) | |
| Diploma and degree | 9 (18.0) | 18 (20.0) | |
| Monthly income, n (%) | |||
| <RM 3000 | 43 (78.2) | 74 (74.0) | 0.56 |
| ⩾RM 3000 | 12 (36.8) | 26 (26.0) | |
| Family history of T2DM | 25 (47.2) | 47 (48.5) | 0.88 |
| Previous or current smoker | 7 (13.0) | 3 (3.0) | 0.02 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 89.0 ± 12.5 | 83.1 ± 9.6 | <0.01 |
| Weight, kg | 65.5 ± 12.3 | 60.7 ± 10.6 | 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.85 ± 4.98 | 25.64 ± 4.41 | 0.14 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134.5 ± 17.5 | 128.2 ± 18.1 | 0.04 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.7 ± 8.7 | 76.3 ± 10.5 | 0.04 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.15 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | <0.01 |
| RA disease duration, years | 11.0 (6.0–16.0) | 10.0 (5.0–14.7) | 0.52 |
| Steroid use within 6 months | 7 (12.73) | 16 (16) | 0.57 |
| Use of biologics | 4 (7.27) | 3 (3) | 0.23 |
| CDAI | 10.9 ± 6.9 | 9.9 ± 5.6 | 0.33 |
| ICAM-I, ng/mL | 361.79 (290.38–481.84) | 315.92 (251.45–407.93) | 0.01 |
| ESR, mm/h | 30.0 (20.0–40.0) | 34.0 (26.0–40.0) | 0.44 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.5–1.8) | 0.6 (0.5–1.4) | 0.47 |
BP: blood pressure; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; IQR: interquartile range; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CDAI: clinical disease activity index; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein.
a
n (%) for categorical data, median (IQR) for non-parametric data and mean ± SD for parametric data.