Table 1.
Sample Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| Group | HC (n=41) | MDD-SSRI (n=47) | MDD-UnMed (n=48) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | 3 groups | MDD-Med vs. UnMed | |
|
| |||||
| Age | 31.49 (10.54) | 35.87 (11.21) | 32.31 (11.28) | .14a | .13c |
| Body Mass Index | 27.42 (5.16) | 29.32 (5.39) | 27.10 (5.60) | .11a | .06c |
| Sex = Male (%) | 18 (43.9) | 11 (23.4) | 15 (31.2) | .12b | .53b |
| Education | 6.39 (1.45) | 6.72 (1.17) | 6.12 (1.70) | .14a | .05c |
| Employed = Yes (%) | 30 (76.9) | 27 (58.7) | 33 (71.7) | .17b | .27b |
| IPAQ minutes per week | 4659.21 (3678.56) | 3849.07 (4279.15) | 3616.51 (4388.08) | .51a | .80c |
| IPAQ Category (%) | .30b | .81b | |||
| HEPA Active | 21 (58.3) | 17 (37.8) | 18 (40.9) | ||
| Inactive | 6 (16.7) | 14 (31.1) | 15 (34.1) | ||
| Minimally Active | 9 (25.0) | 14 (31.1) | 11 (25.0) | ||
| OASIS | 1.12 (1.35) | 10.32 (3.50) | 9.29 (3.40) | <.01a | .15c |
| PHQ | 0.78 (1.17) | 14.52 (5.41) | 14.88 (4.13) | <.01a | .72c |
| SCOFF | 0.05 (0.22) | 1.30 (1.27) | 1.33 (1.29) | <.01a | .89c |
| DAST | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.51 (0.88) | 0.50 (1.22) | .04a | .96c |
| PROMIS Alcohol Use Score | 43.96 (6.86) | 49.37 (5.92) | 50.02 (7.36) | <.01a | .64c |
| PROMIS Nicotine Dependence Score | 25.54 (7.36) | 27.28 (10.54) | 27.51 (10.39) | .59a | .91c |
| PROMIS Depression Score | 42.95 (6.26) | 63.07 (6.39) | 63.63 (6.73) | <.01a | .68c |
| PROMIS Anxiety Score | 45.50 (7.61) | 63.93 (6.47) | 63.34 (6.96) | <.01a | .67c |
| STAI Trait | 27.71 (7.14) | 55.96 (9.55) | 57.85 (10.88) | <.01a | .36c |
| STAI State | 26.10 (6.45) | 47.62 (11.08) | 50.42 (10.73) | <.01a | .21c |
| ASI Total Score | 5.59 (6.99) | 22.68 (14.20) | 26.83 (15.31) | <.01a | .17c |
| MAIA Attention Regulation Score | 3.54 (0.93) | 2.88 (0.97) | 2.81 (1.00) | <.01a | .73c |
| MAIA Body Listening Score | 2.64 (1.39) | 1.89 (1.17) | 1.86 (1.36) | <.01a | .91c |
| MAIA Emotional Awareness Score | 3.44 (1.07) | 3.54 (1.08) | 3.22 (1.22) | .37a | .18c |
| MAIA Not-Distracting Score | 2.12 (1.08) | 1.67 (0.90) | 1.68 (0.88) | <.05a | .97c |
| MAIA Noticing Score | 3.41 (1.08) | 3.54 (1.09) | 3.44 (1.20) | .83a | .64c |
| MAIA Not-Worrying Score | 3.43 (0.98) | 3.00 (0.83) | 2.47 (1.20) | <.01a | .01c |
| MAIA Self-Regulation Score | 3.59 (1.04) | 2.57 (0.88) | 2.12 (1.11) | <.01a | .03c |
| MAIA Trusting Score | 3.95 (1.04) | 2.71 (1.12) | 2.45 (1.10) | <.01a | .25c |
| TAS-20 Difficulty Describing Feelings | 12.29 (3.66) | 15.09 (3.47) | 15.96 (3.03) | <.01a | .20c |
| TAS-20 Difficulty Identifying Feelings | 10.68 (4.27) | 18.04 (6.20) | 19.51 (6.38) | <.01a | .26c |
| TAS-20 Externally Oriented Thinking | 26.10 (3.58) | 26.02 (3.27) | 25.43 (2.64) | .54a | .33c |
| TAS-20 Total Score | 49.07 (8.89) | 59.15 (9.15) | 60.89 (9.02) | <.01a | .35c |
| RRS Score | 28.65 (7.14) | 56.94 (10.84) | 58.54 (10.43) | <.01a | .46c |
| Current Depression = Yes (%) | NA | 47 (100.0) | 48 (100.0) | NA | NA |
| Recurrent Depression = Yes (%) | NA | 45 (95.7) | 36 (75.0) | NA | .04b |
| Comorbid Anxiety Disorder = Yes (%) | NA | 33 (70.2) | 31 (64.6) | NA | .94b |
| Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder = Yes (%) | NA | 4 (8.5) | 8 (16.7) | NA | .33b |
| CDDR Lifetime Alcohol Use d | 496.97 (1370.00) | 623.98 (1397.15) | 977.46 (4408.74.75) | .70a | .59c |
Note. HC = healthy control. MDD = major depressive disorder. SSRI = Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. UnMed = unmedicated. IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; OASIS, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SCOFF, Sick Control One Fat Food Questionnaire; DAST, Drug Use Questionnaire; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; ASI, Anxiety Sensitivity Index; MAIA, Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness; TAS-20, Toronto Alexithymia Scale; RRS, Ruminative Responses Scale; CDDR, Customary Drinking And Drug Use Record.
One-way ANOVA test
X2 test.
Two Sample t-test.
One outlier from the MDD-SSRI group was excluded.