Table 3.
Bivariate association between morbidity incidence and the child-level, parent-related, household-level and community-level characteristics
| Characteristics | Total | Multimorbidity statusa | χ2 tests of association |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| population | No condition | Single condition | Multiple conditions | |||||
| N | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Age of child (in years) | ||||||||
| Four | 1,694 | 1,018 | 60.1 | 312 | 18.4 | 364 | 21.5 |
χ2 = 130.25; p-value = 0.001 |
| Three | 1,587 | 931 | 58.7 | 265 | 16.7 | 391 | 24.6 | |
| Two | 1,655 | 867 | 52.4 | 315 | 19.0 | 473 | 28.6 | |
| One | 1,666 | 729 | 43.8 | 356 | 21.4 | 581 | 34.9 | |
| Less than one year | 1,796 | 903 | 50.3 | 338 | 18.8 | 555 | 30.9 | |
| Gender of child | ||||||||
| Female | 4,027 | 2,204 | 54.7 | 758 | 18.8 | 1,065 | 26.4 |
χ2 = 12.54; p-value = 0.002 |
| Male | 4,371 | 2,244 | 51.3 | 828 | 18.9 | 1,299 | 29.7 | |
| Number of children under mother | ||||||||
| One | 6,299 | 3,241 | 51.5 | 1,234 | 19.6 | 1,824 | 29.0 |
χ2 = 26.00; p-value = 0.001 |
| Two | 1,963 | 1,120 | 57.1 | 331 | 16.9 | 512 | 26.1 | |
| Three or more | 136 | 87 | 64.0 | 21 | 15.4 | 28 | 20.6 | |
| Mother’s level of education | ||||||||
| Secondary and above | 5,371 | 2,798 | 52.1 | 1,086 | 20.2 | 1,487 | 27.7 |
χ2 = 19.18; p-value = 0.001 |
| Upto primary | 2,420 | 1,305 | 53.9 | 402 | 16.6 | 713 | 29.5 | |
| No formal education | 607 | 345 | 56.8 | 98 | 16.1 | 164 | 27.0 | |
| Father’s level of education | ||||||||
| Secondary and above | 4,356 | 2,326 | 53.4 | 820 | 18.8 | 1,210 | 27.8 |
χ2 = 5.67; p-value = 0.225 |
| Upto primary | 2,811 | 1,452 | 51.7 | 557 | 19.8 | 802 | 28.5 | |
| No formal education | 1,231 | 670 | 54.4 | 209 | 17.0 | 352 | 28.6 | |
| Household sanitation condition | ||||||||
| Poor | 931 | 526 | 56.5 | 164 | 17.6 | 241 | 25.9 |
χ2 = 8.09; p-value = 0.088 |
| Average | 3,061 | 1,593 | 52.0 | 567 | 18.5 | 901 | 29.4 | |
| Good | 4,406 | 2,329 | 52.9 | 855 | 19.4 | 1,222 | 27.7 | |
| Water treated before drinking | ||||||||
| Yes | 926 | 563 | 60.8 | 146 | 15.8 | 217 | 23.4 |
χ2 = 25.64; p-value = 0.000 |
| No | 7,472 | 3,885 | 52.0 | 1,440 | 19.3 | 2,147 | 28.7 | |
| Type of handwashing place | ||||||||
| Private space | 2,726 | 1,437 | 52.7 | 515 | 18.9 | 774 | 28.4 |
χ2 = 3.26; p-value = 0.515 |
| Public space | 5,374 | 2,858 | 53.2 | 1,022 | 19.0 | 1,494 | 27.8 | |
| No handwashing place | 298 | 153 | 51.3 | 49 | 16.4 | 96 | 32.2 | |
| Shares Toilet with other households | ||||||||
| Not shared | 5,624 | 3,011 | 53.5 | 1,053 | 18.7 | 1,560 | 27.7 |
χ2 = 9.87; p-value = 0.130 |
| Shared by two HH | 1,311 | 657 | 50.1 | 256 | 19.5 | 398 | 30.4 | |
| Shared by three HH | 690 | 348 | 50.4 | 137 | 19.9 | 205 | 29.7 | |
| Shared by four and more HH | 773 | 432 | 55.9 | 140 | 18.1 | 201 | 26.0 | |
| Household wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Richest | 1,641 | 928 | 56.6 | 314 | 19.1 | 399 | 24.3 |
χ2 = 20.92; p-value = 0.007 |
| Rich | 1,646 | 859 | 52.2 | 304 | 18.5 | 483 | 29.3 | |
| Middle | 1,438 | 744 | 51.7 | 282 | 19.6 | 412 | 28.7 | |
| Poor | 1,400 | 741 | 52.9 | 277 | 19.8 | 382 | 27.3 | |
| Poorest | 2,273 | 1,176 | 51.7 | 409 | 18.0 | 688 | 30.3 | |
| Religion of household | ||||||||
| Islam | 7,694 | 4,042 | 52.5 | 1,459 | 19.0 | 2,193 | 28.5 |
χ2 = 14.84; p-value = 0.005 |
| Hinduism | 655 | 369 | 56.3 | 120 | 18.3 | 166 | 25.3 | |
| Others | 49 | 37 | 75.5 | 7 | 14.3 | 5 | 10.2 | |
| Type of season | ||||||||
| Summer | 662 | 379 | 57.3 | 112 | 16.9 | 171 | 25.8 |
χ2 = 8.38; p-value = 0.079 |
| Winter | 7,233 | 3,823 | 52.9 | 1,373 | 19.0 | 2,037 | 28.2 | |
| Monsoon | 503 | 246 | 48.9 | 101 | 20.1 | 156 | 31.0 | |
| Type of community | ||||||||
| City corporation | 776 | 484 | 62.4 | 140 | 18.0 | 152 | 19.6 |
χ2 = 36.97; p-value = 0.000 |
| Other urban areas | 2,152 | 1,116 | 51.9 | 413 | 19.2 | 623 | 28.9 | |
| Rural areas | 5,470 | 2,848 | 52.1 | 1,033 | 18.9 | 1,589 | 29.0 | |
| Altitude level of community | ||||||||
| Low | 3,336 | 1,835 | 55.0 | 619 | 18.6 | 882 | 26.4 |
χ2 = 17.31; p-value = 0.002 |
| Medium | 2,454 | 1,292 | 52.6 | 485 | 19.8 | 677 | 27.6 | |
| High | 2,608 | 1,321 | 50.7 | 482 | 18.5 | 805 | 30.9 | |
| Socioeconomic status of community | ||||||||
| Low | 2,963 | 1,552 | 52.4 | 536 | 18.1 | 875 | 29.5 |
χ2 = 9.02; p-value = 0.061 |
| Medium | 2,931 | 1,526 | 52.1 | 574 | 19.6 | 831 | 28.4 | |
| High | 2,504 | 1,370 | 54.7 | 476 | 19.0 | 658 | 26.3 | |
| Level of maternal education in community | ||||||||
| Low | 2,800 | 1,521 | 54.3 | 454 | 16.2 | 825 | 29.5 |
χ2 = 25.64; p-value = 0.000 |
| Medium | 2,819 | 1,487 | 52.7 | 536 | 19.0 | 796 | 28.2 | |
| High | 2,779 | 1,440 | 51.8 | 596 | 21.4 | 743 | 26.7 | |
| Administrative division of community | ||||||||
| Dhaka | 1,246 | 702 | 56.3 | 236 | 18.9 | 308 | 24.7 |
χ2 = 58.53; p-value = 0.000 |
| Chittagong | 1,393 | 783 | 56.2 | 233 | 16.7 | 377 | 27.1 | |
| Barisal | 863 | 425 | 49.2 | 170 | 19.7 | 268 | 31.1 | |
| Khulna | 872 | 459 | 52.6 | 207 | 23.7 | 206 | 23.6 | |
| Mymensingh | 991 | 508 | 51.3 | 198 | 20.0 | 285 | 28.8 | |
| Rajshahi | 874 | 423 | 48.4 | 178 | 20.4 | 273 | 31.2 | |
| Rangpur | 934 | 470 | 50.3 | 171 | 18.3 | 293 | 31.4 | |
| Sylhet | 1,225 | 678 | 55.3 | 193 | 15.8 | 354 | 28.9 | |
| Overall | 8,398 | 4,448 | 53 | 1,586 | 19 | 2,364 | 28 | |
aFor ease of dissemination, Multimorbidity status of children is categorized into No condition, Single condition, and Multiple conditions