Appendix 1. Palynological occurrences.
| Fossil Taxon | Group | Likely source | Berakas Beach, S6 | Berakas Beach, S8 | Kampong Lugu, S1 | Kampong Lugu, S2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freshwater Algae | ||||||
| Botryococcus spp. | Botryococcaceae | Botryococcaceae | 23 | 47 | 7 | 7 |
| Chomotriletes spp. | Oedogoniaceae | Oedogoniaceae | + | + | 6 | 18 |
| Pediastrum spp. | Hydrodictyaceae | Hydrodictyaceae | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Algal body | Zygnemataceae? | Zygnemataceae? | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Algal body (smooth leiosphere) | Zygnemataceae? | Zygnemataceae? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bryophyta | ||||||
| Stereisporites sp. | Possible bryophyte | Bryophyte? | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Lycopodiopsida | ||||||
| Isoetes sp. | Isoetaceae | Isoetes | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Foveotriletes sp. | Lycopodiaceae | Huperzia | + | + | + | 0 |
| Lycopodiacidites sp. | Lycopodiaceae | Lycopodiella | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lycopodiumsporites sp. | Lycopodiaceae | Lycopodium | + | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Selaginella sp. | Selaginellaceae | Selaginella | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Polypodiopsida | ||||||
| Asplenium sp. | Aspleniaceae | Asplenium | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Blechnum sp. | Blechnaceae | Blechnum | 0 | + | + | 0 |
| Scolocyamus magnus | Blechnaceae | Stenochlaena | + | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Stenochlaenidites papuanus | Blechnaceae | Stenochlaena | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Stenochlaenidites sp. | Blechnaceae | Stenochlaena | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Verrucatosporites usmensis | Blechnaceae | Stenochlaena | + | 9 | + | 3 |
| Ctenitis sp. | Dryopteridaceae | Ctenitis | 1 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Gleicheniaceae spp. | Gleicheniaceae | Gleicheniaceae | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Hymenophyllum sp. | Hymenophyllaceae | Hymenophyllum | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni | Lygodiaceae | Lygodium | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Osmunda sp. | Osmundaceae | Osmunda | + | 0 | 0 | + |
| Drynaria sp. | Polypodiaceae | Drynaria | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Verrucatosporites favus | Polypodiaceae | Polypodium | 7 | 16 | 4 | 9 |
| Verrucatosporites spp. | Polypodiaceae | Polypodium | 9 | 10 | 8 | 2 |
| Acrostichum sp. | Pteridaceae | Acrostichum | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Magnastriatites howardii | Pteridaceae | Ceratopteris | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Pteris spp. | Pteridaceae | Pteris | 3 | 3 | 1 | + |
| Concavisporites sp. | Lindsaeaceae? | Lindsaea? | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Cyathidites spp. | Dennstaedtiaceae? | Pteridium? | 12 | 19 | 35 | 22 |
| Laevigatosporites spp. | Thelypteridaceae? | Thelypteris? | 47 | 130 | 52 | 37 |
| Microfoveolatisporis sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Cicatricosisporites sp. | Schizaeaceae? | Unknown | 0 | Rwk | 0 | 0 |
| Gymnosperms | ||||||
| Podocarpus sp. | Podocarpaceae | Podocarpus | 1 | 3 | + | + |
| Pityosporites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | Rwk | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxodioideae | Taxodioid Cupressaceae | Taxodioid Cupressaceae (transported) | + | + | 0 | 0 |
| Angiosperms | ||||||
| Ilex sp. | Aquifoliaceae | Ilex | 0 | + | 1 | + |
| Dicolpopollis sp. | Arecaceae | Calamus | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Monocolpopollenites sp. | Arecaceae | Possibly a palm | + | 0 | + | 0 |
| Nypa sp. | Arecaceae | Nypa | 0 | + | + | + |
| Proxapertites sp. | Arecaceae? | Questionably a palm | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Palm spp. (echinate) | Arecaceae | Palm | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Spinizonocolpites echinatus | Arecaceae | Palm | 0 | Rwk | 0 | 0 |
| Avicennia sp. | Avicenniaceae | Avicennia | + | + | + | 0 |
| Combretaceae spp. | Combretaceae | Combretaceae | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| Perfotricolpites digitatus | Convolvulaceae | Merremia | 0 | + | + | 0 |
| Corsinipollenites sp. | Ctenolophonaceae | Ctenolophon | + | + | 0 | 0 |
| Dilleniaceae sp. | Dilleniaceae | Dilleniaceae | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Dipterocarpaceae spp. | Dipterocarpaceae | Dipterocarpaceae | + | 1 | + | 0 |
| Croton sp. | Euphorbiaceae | Croton | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Euphorbiaceae sp. | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbiaceae | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Praedapollis sp. | Fabaceae? | Fabaceae? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retitricolpites amapaensis | Fabaceae? | Fabaceae? | 0 | + | + | 0 |
| Rostriapollenites robustus | Lecythidaceae | Barringtonia | + | 1 | 1 | + |
| Loranthaceae sp. | Loranthaceae | Loranthaceae | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Florschuetzia levipoli | Lythraceae | Sonneratia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Bombacacidites sp. | Malvaceae | Bombacoideae | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Discoidites sp. | Malvaceae | Brownlowia | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Myrica sp. | Myricaceae | Myrica | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Myristica sp. | Myristicaceae | Myristica | + | + | + | + |
| Polycolpites sp. | Onagraceae? | Onagraceae? | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Persicarioipollis sp. | Polygonaceae | Polygonum | + | 0 | + | 0 |
| Zonocostites ramonae | Rhizophoraceae | Rhizophora | + | + | 19 | 9 |
| Lasianthus sp. | Rubiaceae | Lasianthus | 0 | 1 | + | 0 |
| Rutaceae sp. | Rutaceae | Rutaceae | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Palaquium sp. | Sapotaceae | Palaquium | + | + | + | + |
| Sapotaceae spp. | Sapotaceae | Sapotaceae | 1 | 1 | + | + |
| Clavainaperturites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Echiperiporate sp. | Unknown | Unknown | + | + | 0 | 0 |
| Echitriporate sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Gemmatricolporites psilatus | Unknown | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gemmate sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Psilatricolporites spp. | Unknown | Unknown | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| Retitricolporate sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retitriporites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Tetracolporites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | + | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Triorites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Tricolporate spp. | Unknown | Unknown | 7 | 5 | 0 | + |
| Triporate sp. | Unknown | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Triporopollenites sp. | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Fungal Bodies | ||||||
| Fungal hyphae | Fungal mycelia | Fungal mycelia | 114 | 12 | 130 | 146 |
| Hyphopodia sp. | Fungal mycelia | Fungal mycelia | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Asterostromella investiens | Agonomycetes | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Dendromyceliates splendus | Agonomycetes | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Diporisporites sp. | Amerospores | Fungal spore | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Form-A of Jarzen & Elsik, 1986 | Amerospores | Fungal spore | + | + | 0 | 0 |
| Hypoxylonites spp. | Amerospores | Fungal spore | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Inapertisporites spp. | Amerospores | Fungal spore | 21 | 11 | 7 | 7 |
| Mediaverrunites spp. | Amerospores | Fungal spore | 9 | 8 | 5 | 6 |
| Monoporisporites spp. | Amerospores | Fungal spore | + | + | + | + |
| Spegazzinia tessarthra | Amerospores | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Lirasporis sp. | Dictyospores | Fungal spore | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Staphlosporonites sp. | Dictyospores | Fungal spore | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dicellaesporites spp. | Didymospores | Fungal spore | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Dyadosporites spp. | Didymospores | Fungal spore | 1 | + | + | + |
| Fusiformisporites sp. | Didymospores | Fungal spore | 1 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Cirrenalia pygmea | Helicospores | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 |
| Involutisporonites foraminus | Helicospores | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ingoldian type | Hyphomycetes | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
| Brachysporisporites sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Alleppeysporonites sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Multicellaesporites sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Multicellites sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Pluricellaesporites sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Quilonia sp. | Phragmospores | Fungal spore | + | 0 | + | + |
| Meliolinites sp. | Sordariomycetes | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Frasnacritetrus sp. | Staurospores | Fungal spore | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Fungal fruiting body | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | + | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Callimothallus sp. | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | 1 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Desmidiospora sp. | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Microthyriacites sp. | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Parmathyrites sp. | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Phragmothyrites serratus | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | 9 | + | 0 | 2 |
| Phragmothyrites serratus (germling) | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | + | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Phragmothyrites spp. | Microthyriaceous fungi | Fungal fructification | 4 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Marine Microplankton | ||||||
| Adnatosphaeridium sp. | Dinoflagellata | Dinocyst | 0 | Rwk | 0 | 0 |
| Impletosphaeridium sp. | Dinoflagellata | Dinocyst | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
| Operculodinium sp. | Dinoflagellata | Dinocyst | + | 0 | 0 | + |
| Spiniferites sp. | Dinoflagellata | Dinocyst | 0 | 1 | 0 | + |
| Leiosphaeridia sp. | Acritarcha | Acritarch | 0 | 0 | + | + |
| Tasmanites sp. | Prasinophyceae | Green Algae | 0 | + | 2 | + |
| Microforaminiferal test lining | Foraminifera | Microforam lining | + | 0 | + | + |
Note:
Reported abundances are based on an initial count of 300 specimens, after which the slide was scanned for additional taxa, denoted by a plus symbol (+) when present. Rwk, considered reworked from older strata.