Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of consecutive case series and HOPE Registry participants by recovery status
| Characteristics | Johns Hopkins consecutive case series, N (%) | Johns Hopkins HOPE Registry, N (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fully recovered (n = 203) | Symptomatic but functional (n = 109) | Symptomatic and limited (n = 16) | Χ 2, p value* | Fully recovered (n = 103) | Symptomatic but functional (n = 58) | Symptomatic and limited (n = 18) | Χ 2, p value* | |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 134 (66) | 73 (67) | 8 (50) | 0.40 | 87 (85) | 49 (85) | 16 (89) | 0.55 |
| Black/African American | 51 (25) | 22 (20) | 6 (37.5) | 0.27 | 6 (6) | 8 (14) | 0 (0) | 0.16 |
| Asian | 8 (4) | 4 (5.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0.25 | 5 (5) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.06 |
| Other/mixed race | 14 (7) | 14 (13) | 1 (6) | 0.20 | 6 (6) | 2 (3) | 2 (11) | 0.64 |
| Median age (range), years | 43 (19−87) | 47 (21−78) | 45 (25−63) | 44 (18−87) | 40.5 (20−67) | 41 (21−67) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 44 (22) | 28 (26) | 2 (12.5) | 0.44 | 11 (11) | 4 (7) | 1 (6) | 0.71 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 87 (43) | 46 (42) | 0 (0) | 0.10 | 37 (38) | 15 (28) | 4 (19) | 0.38 |
| Female | 113 (56) | 62 (57) | 16 (100) | 60 (61) | 39 (72) | 14 (82) | ||
| Nonbinary | 3 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| No/primary school | 14 (7) | 7 (7) | 2 (12.5) | 0.81 | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.67 |
| Any high school | 28 (14) | 21 (19) | 1 (6) | 0.26 | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 2 (11) | 0.11 |
| Any college | 89 (43) | 45 (41) | 9 (56) | 0.53 | 45 (44) | 35 (60) | 9 50) | 0.18 |
| Any graduate school | 72 (35) | 36 (33) | 4 (25) | 0.67 | 54 (53) | 21 (36) | 7 (39) | 0.14 |
| Higher risk occupations | ||||||||
| Health care worker in hospital | 46 (23) | 23 (21) | 5 (31) | 0.66 | 20 (19) | 9 (17) | 5 (29) | 0.46 |
| Health care worker in community | 16 (8) | 11 (10) | 1 (6) | 0.76 | 5 (5) | 7 (12) | 1 (6) | 0.37 |
| Nursing home staff | 3 (1) | 3 (3) | 1 (6) | 0.38 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.86 |
| Teacher K‐12 | 5 (2) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.80 | 3 (3) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.88 |
| Cleaning (office/home) | 6 (3) | 6 (5.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0.14 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Fire/police/EMT | 4 (2) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.32 | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 2 (11) | 0.11 |
| Transportation worker | 3 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.62 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Caregiver for a dependent in your home | 69 (34) | 43 (41) | 9 (56) | 0.15 | 26 (26) | 18 (33) | 7 (44) | 0.58 |
| Time since infection | ||||||||
| 0−3 months | 5 (2) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.85 | 33 (32) | 14 (24) | 3 (17) | 0.49 |
| 3−6 months | 21 (10) | 10 (9) | 2 (12.5) | 26 (25) | 18 (31) | 3 (17) | ||
| 6−9 months | 109 (54) | 55 (50) | 7 (44) | 24 (23) | 13 (22) | 8 (44) | ||
| 9−11 months | 68 (33.5) | 39 (36) | 7 (44) | 20 (19) | 13 (22) | 4 (22) | ||
| Medical care during acute COVID‐19 | ||||||||
| Hospitalized | 21 (10) | 27 (25) | 5 (31) | 0.001 | 3 (3) | 4 (7) | 5 (28) | 0.002 |
| Outpatient | 180 (90) | 82 (75) | 11 (69) | 100 (97) | 54 (93) | 13 (72) | ||
| Baseline comorbidities | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 14 (7) | 16 (15) | 2 (12.5) | 0.08 | 4 (4) | 4 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.70 |
| Chronic heart disease | 5 (2.5) | 8 (61) | 0 (0) | 0.08 | 4 (4) | 1 (2) | 1 (6) | 0.86 |
| History of heart attack | 0 (0) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | <0.01 | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.69 |
| High blood pressure | 48 (24) | 29 (27) | 1 (6) | 0.20 | 25 (25) | 12 (22) | 2 (6) | 0.10 |
| High cholesterol | 43 (21) | 22 (20) | 1 (6) | 0.36 | 21 (21) | 9 (17) | 0 (0) | 0.30 |
| History of stroke | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1) | 1 (6) | 0.07 | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.58 |
| Autoimmune disorder | 14 (7) | 8 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.54 | 7 (7) | 6 (11) | 2 (12) | 0.72 |
| Asthma/reactive airway | 28 (14) | 20 (18) | 5 (31) | 0.14 | 11 (11) | 7 (13) | 2 (12) | 0.96 |
| Chronic lung disease | 4 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.85 | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.58 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.62 | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.63 |
| Cancer | 9 (4) | 5 (5) | 1 (6) | 0.94 | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.48 |
| Depression | 23 (11) | 16 (15) | 3 (19) | 0.54 | 14 (14) | 12 (22) | 8 (47) | 0.009 |
| Anxiety | 27 (13) | 20 (18) | 5 (31) | 0.11 | 21 (21) | 19 (35) | 9 (53) | 0.003 |
| Pregnant | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.75 | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.79 |
| Overweight/obese | 60 (30) | 35 (32) | 9 (56) | 0.09 | 27 (27) | 27 (50) | 7 (41) | 0.08 |
*
p values refer to the probability that there is no difference in the factors shown across the comparison groups.