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. 2022 Mar 26;21:48. doi: 10.1186/s12934-022-01773-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Performance of co-cultures on sunflower seed milk. The data comprise time-resolved changes for P. freudenreichii NCC 1177 (column 1), a dual co-culture of P. freudenreichii NCC 1177 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NCC 2511 (inoculated at 1:1 ratio, column 2), a dual co-culture of P. freudenreichii NCC 1177 and B. amyloliquefaciens NCC 156 (inoculated at 1000:1 ratio, column 3), and a triple co-culture of P. freudenreichii NCC 1177, B. amyloliquefaciens NCC 156, and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NCC 2511 (inoculated at 500:500:1 ratio, column 4). Shown are vitamin B₁₂ content (A), living cell number (B), sugar content (C), organic acid content (D), extracellular amino acid content (E), total amino acid content (F), and protein quality (G), expressed as in vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). The cultivation was carried out at 30 °C for 72 h, including an initial 48 h anaerobic phase, followed by a 24 h aerobic phase. n = 3